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191 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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True or False?
A pig larynx is a lot like a human larynx. |
True
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The trachea lies (posterior or anterior) to the esophagus?
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anterior
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What does the diaphragm muscle do to lung volume when it contracts?
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volume increases (m. goes down)
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What does the diaphragm muscle do to lung volume when it relaxes?
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volumes decreases (m. goes up)
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Where is the "root" of a bronchi, blood vessel etc?
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the part that has left the heart & is about to divide
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How many lobes make up the left lung?
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2
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How many lobes make up the right lung?
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3
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Why are there less lobes to the left lung?
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because heart is on left side
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What side of the body is the heart on? left or right?
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left
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Does it take energy to expand the lungs?
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yes
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Does it take energy to deflate the lungs?
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no
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What deflates the lungs?
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negative pressure
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def: the lining on the inside of the chest wall and diaphragm.
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parietal pleura
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Where is parietal pleura located?
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inner surface of thoracic wall
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def: lining that covers the lungs
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visceral pleura
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def: thin serous membrane (secrete serous fluid) around the lungs and inner walls of the chest
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pleura
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def: a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which secrete serous fluid
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serous membrane
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Does the visceral pleura extend into the fissures of the lobes of the lungs?
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yes
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Which pleura is located on the inner surface of the thoracic wall?
parietal pleura or visceral pleura? |
parietal pleura
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Which pleura is located on the lungs?
parietal pleura or visceral pleura? |
visceral pleura
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What does "bifurcate" mean?
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divide into 2
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The trachea __________ to become the left and right primary bronchi which enter the left and right lungs.
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bifurcates
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Does the vagus X nerve carry preganglionic or postganglionic fibers?
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preganglionic
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def: the two large veins that return oxygen-depleted blood to the right atrium of the heart.
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vena cava
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def: the tough outermost layer of the pericardium that is attached to the diaphragm and the sternum
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parietal pericardium (aka outer fibrous pericardium)
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def: is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the great vessels
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pericardium
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Where does the parietal pericardium attach to the heart?
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attached to the central part of the diaphragm and the back of the sternum (breastbone)
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def: the innermost of the two layers of the pericardium
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visceral pericardium (aka inner parietal pericardium)
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def: fluid from around the heart.
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pericardial fluid
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def: first part of the artery that carries venous blood from the right ventricle of the heart and divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries
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pulmonary trunk
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def: the 2 arteries (branches of the pulmonary trunk) that carry venous blood from the heart to the lungs
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pulmonary artery
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def: the large blood vessels that carries blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
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pulmonary veins
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def: structure that separates the atria of the heart from the ventricles.
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coronary sulcus (aka coronary groove, auriculoventricular groove, atrioventricular groove, AV groove)
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def: ?
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anterior interventricular sulcus
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def: A small conical pouch that projects from each atrium of the heart
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auricle
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def: a chamber or space in the heart
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atria (pleural: atrium)
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Which is thicker?
left ventricle or right ventricle? |
left ventricle
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Where do the atria pump blood to?
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ventricles
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Where does the left ventricle pump blood to?
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entire body via aorta
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Which needs more muscle?
atria or ventricles? |
ventricles because they pump blood to the entire body
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Which ventricle pumps blood to the lungs?
left or right? |
right
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Why are the walls of the left ventricle thicker than the right?
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left ventricle pumps blood to entire body
right ventricle pumps blood to lungs |
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def: the indentation where the primary bronchi and pulmonary vessels enter the lungs
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hilus
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Does lung tissue float?
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yes
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Why does lung tissue float?
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becuase alveoli contain gas
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Is the cartilage in the trachea a complete ring?
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no
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Why is the cartilage in the trachea not a complete ring?
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because this allows for expansion of esophagus when swallowing large pieces of food
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Is cartilage present in the walls of the bronchi?
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yes
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def: an air passageway less than 1 mm in diameter and containing no cartilage in its walls.
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bronchiole
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tricuspid valve aka?
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right atrioventricular valve
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Where is the tricuspid valve (aka right atrioventricular valve) located?
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between the right atrium & ventricle
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How many cusps are there to the right atrioventircular valve?
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3
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How many cusps are there to the right pulmonary semilunar valve?
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3
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Blood flows from the right ventricle to the?
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pulmonary trunk
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Blood flows from the right atria to the ?
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right ventricle
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What do the cusps do in the heart?
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prevent the back flow of blood into the ventricles when the chamber relaxes
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bicuspid valve aka?
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left artioventricular valve
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How many cusps make up the left artioventricular valve
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2
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How many cusps does the aortic semilunar valve contain?
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3
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Where does blood flow from the left ventricle?
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to the aorta to the rest of the body
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Name the blood vessels that supply the heart with blood.
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right and left coronary arteries
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How many chambers in the heart?
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4
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The right atrium has 3 openings to .... (3)
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1. coronary sinus
2. inferior vena cava 3. superior vena cava |
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The left atrium has 4 openings to .... (1)
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the 4 pulmonary veins
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The right ventricle has 1 opening to the ....
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pulmonary trunk
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The left ventricle has 1 opening to the......
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aorta
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The bicuspid valve (aka the left atrioventricular valve) aka ?
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mitral valve
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def: cord-like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve in the heart
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chordae tendineae (aka heart strings)
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def: muscles located in the ventricles of the heart.
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papillary muscles
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def: muscular ridges that crisscross and project from the inner walls of the heart ventricles.
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trabeculae carneae
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Where are the openings for the left & right coronary arteries?
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base of aorta
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Classify respiratory epithelium
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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What is the function of mucous cells in the respiratory epithelium?
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produce mucus & trap debris & microorganisms
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def: mucosa-covered scroll-like bony shelves projecting toward the nasal septum on either side the nasal cavity.
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nasal concha
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def: the passages in the nasal cavity formed by the projections of the nasal conchae.
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nasal meatus
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What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?
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help keep surface of nasal cavity moist and clean
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The ______pharynx is posterior to nasal cavity & superior to soft palate.
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nasopharynx
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auditory tubes aka?
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pharyngotympanic
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The auditory tubes (aka pharyngotympanic tubes) are located on either side of what?
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nasoparynx
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What connects the eardrum to the pharynx?
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auditory tubes (aka pharyngotympanic tubes)
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When you make your ears pop, what tube do you clear?
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auditory tubes (aka pharyngotympanic tubes)
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pharyngeal tonsil aka?
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adenoids
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What tonsils are part of the lymphatic system? (2)
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1. pharyngeal tonsil (aka adenoids)
2. lingual tonsils |
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What palate forms the floor of the nasopharynx?
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soft palate
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The oropharynx extends from the soft palate to the ?
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hyoid bone
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What structure dangles from the posterior part of the soft palate?
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uvula
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Which tonsils are found in the submucosa of the posterior 3rd of the tongue?
palatine tonsils? pharyngeal tonsils? lingual tonsils? |
lingual tonsils
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The uvula is part of the...
a) nasopharynx b) oropharynx c) laryngopharynx |
b) oropharynx
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Name the 3 pharynx regions.
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1. nasopharynx
2. oropharynx 3. laryngopharynx |
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The lingual tonsil is part of the...
a) nasopharynx b) oropharynx c) laryngopharynx |
b) oropharynx
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The palatine tonsil is part of the...
a) nasopharynx b) oropharynx c) laryngopharynx |
b) oropharynx
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The pharyngeal tonsil is part of the...
a) nasopharynx b) oropharynx c) laryngopharynx |
a) nasopharynx
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The auditory tubes are part of the...
a) nasopharynx b) oropharynx c) laryngopharynx |
a) nasopharynx
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The soft palate is part of the...
a) nasopharynx b) oropharynx c) laryngopharynx |
a) nasopharynx
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True or False?
Both food & air pass through the oropharynx. |
True
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True or False?
Both food & air pass through the laryngopharynx. |
True
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True or False?
Both food & air pass through the nasopharynx. |
False - just air
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What kind of cartilage is found in the larynx? (2)
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1. hylaine
2. elastic |
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What region is attached to the hyoid bone and stabilized by ligaments and skeletal muscles?
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larynx
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What structure receives air from the laryngopharynx?
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larynx
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The laryngeal prominence is part of the...?
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thyroid cartilage
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thyroid cartilage is what type of cartilage?
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hyaline
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Cricoid cartilage is what type of cartilage?
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hyaline cartilage
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Epiglottis cartilage is what type of cartilage?
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elastic cartilage
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Why would the epiglottis be made of elastic cartilage?
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when swallowing, the epiglottis must fold back over the glottis preventing entry of solids/liquids into respiratory passages
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The cricothyroid muscle attaches what to what?
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cricoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage
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vestibular folds aka?
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false vocal cords
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vocal folds aka?
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true vocal cords
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How many vocal folds do we have?
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one of either side
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Air passes through the _______ enroute to the lungs (trachea).
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larynx
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Do both lungs have a hilus?
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yes
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Which is singular?
bronchi or bronchus? |
bronchus
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secondary bronchus aka?
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lobar bronchus
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tertiary bronchus aka?
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segmental bronchus
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def: air-filled chamber supplying air to alveoli
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alveolar sacs
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In total, approximately how many alveoli do you have in both lungs?
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300 million
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What is the proper name for the serous membranes?
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pleura
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What is the specific name for the membrane covering the lungs?
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visceral pleura
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def: the serous membrane covering the walls of the thoracic cavity.
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parietal pleura
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def: serous membrane covering the internal wall, deep to the ribs.
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costal parietal pleura
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def: serous membrane covering the superior surface of the diaphragm.
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diaphragmatic parietal pleura
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platelets aka?
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thrombocytes
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white blood cells aka?
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leukocytes
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How many layers in the wall of blood vessels?
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3
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What is the innermost layer of a blood vessel called?
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intima
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What is the middle layer of a blood vessel called?
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media
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What is the outermost layer of a blood vessel called?
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adventitia
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What tissue is present in the intima (innermost layer of a blood vessel)? (2)
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1. endothelium
2. elastic CT |
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What tissue is present in the media (middle layer of a blood vessel)? (3)
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1. smooth muscle
2. loose CT 3. collagen fibers |
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What tissue is present in the adventitia (outermost layer of a blood vessel)? (2)
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1. collagen
2. elastic fibers CT |
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def: "vessels of vessels" walls of large vessels contain small arteries & viens that supply the smooth muscle fibers and fibroblasts of tunica media and externa.
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vaso vasorum
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def: smallest & most delicate blood vessels' walls permit exchange between blood and interstitial fluids.
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capillaries
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Capillaires always function as part of an interconnected network called ....
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capillary bed or plexus
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def: vessels carrying blood away from heart
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arteries
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def: vessels carrying blood toward heart
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veins
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can an artery carry deoxygenated blood?
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yes (as long as it takes blood away from thea heart)
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def: short artery that branches soon after its origin
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trunk
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def: a large artery taking deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries & into the lungs
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pulmonary trunk
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def: provide blood to the capillary plexuses around the alveoli.
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pulmonary arterioles
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how many right pulmonary veins?
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usually 2
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how many left pulmonary veins?
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usually 2
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how many pulmonary veins in total?
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usually 4
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what cells make up the cardiac muscle tissue?
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cardiocytes
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What blood vessels return oxygenated blood to the heart?
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pulmonary veins
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def: the special junctions between the ends of cardiac cells
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intercalated discs
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What 2 layers make up the pericardial sac?
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1. serous pericardium
2. fibrous pericardium |
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def: surface land mark showing the separation between the atria and ventricles
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coronary sulcus
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Where does the right coronary artery sit?
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in the coronary sulcus on the right
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def: an enlarged vessel receiving the de-oxygenated blood from the heart muscle.
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coronary sinus
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def: surface landmark showing the separation between the right and left ventricles on the front of the heart
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anterior interventricular sulcus
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What lies in the anterior interventricular sulcus?
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arteries and veins
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What blood vessels arises from the aorta and provides the oxygenated blood supply for the heart muscle?
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left coronary artery
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What kind of tissue are the sinoatrial (SA) node, cardiac pacemaker and atrioventricular (AV) node made of?
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modified cardiac muscle (NOT nervous tissue)
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How many orifices does the left atrium usually contain?
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4 - for the incoming pulmonary veins
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Name the 3 branches coming off the aortic arch.
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1st branch - brachiocephalic artery
2nd branch - left common carotid artery 3rd branch - left subcalvian artery |
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What are the 2 general types of epithelium found in the nasal cavity?
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1. respiratory epithelium
2. olfactory epithelium |
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Classify the epithelium forming the mucosa that lines most of the nasal cavity.
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pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium
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What is the main function of the olfactory epithelium?
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detection of smells when receptors are stimulated by inhaled air
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Name structures that moisten air entering the lungs. (3)
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1. conchae
2. meatus' (a tubular opening or passage in the body) 3. respiratory mucosa |
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Name structures that warms the air entering the lungs. (3)
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1. conchae
2. meatus' 3. respiratory mucosa |
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Name structures that filter the air entering the lungs. (4)
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1. nasal hairs
2. mucus 3. cilia 4. respiratory epithelium |
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Name structures that form air passageways. (8)
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1. external nares
2. nasal septum 3. conchae meatus 4. hard palate 5. internal nares 6. soft palate 7. naso-/oro-/laryngo-pharynx 8. trachea |
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What prevents food from entering the nasal cavity? (2)
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1. soft palate
2. uvula |
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What forms the passageway for food between the mouth and esophagus? (2)
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1. oropharynx
2. laryngopharynx |
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What guards entry to the lungs & is part of the lymphatic system?
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tonsils..
a) pharyngeal b) palatine c) lingual |
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What is responsible for speech besides tongue?
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vocal folds (cords) in larynx
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What are the 3 main functions of the larynx?
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1. provides open passageway for air
2. protects glottis & vocal cords 3. produce sound/voice |
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What gas 'waste' is excreted in the lungs?
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carbon dioxide
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Name 2 other organs in the body, beside the lungs that remove waste from the blood?
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1. kidneys
2. liver |
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What 2 cavities does the diaphragm separate?
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thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
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What is the major function of the diaphragm m.?
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change volume of thoracic cavity
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What kind of muscle is the thoracic cavity composed of?
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skeletal m.
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How many secondary bronchi?
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5
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How many bronchi in left lobe?
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2
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How many bronchi in right lobe?
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3
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What is the name given to the small unit of the lung to which a single tertiary bronchi transports air?
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bronchopulmonary segment
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What does the mediastinum separate within the thoracic cavity?
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the 2 pleural cavities
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What structures lie within the mediastinum?
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1. heart
2. pharynx 3. larynx 4. esophagus 5. trachea 6. phrenic nerve 7. cardiac nerve 8. thymus 9. lymph nodes |
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What blood vessels take oxygen poor blood to the lungs for oxygenation?
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pulmonary arteries
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What is the function of the pleura?
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reduce friction between parietal & visceral surfaces during breathing
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define artery
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blood vessel carrying blood away from heart toward a peripheral capillary
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define vein
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blood vessel carrying blood away from capillary bed towards heart
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What are the functions of capillaries/capillary beds?
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1. gas exchange
2. connection between arteries & veins |
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Why is an erythrocyte not a "typical" cell?
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1. no nucleus
2. no mitochondria 3. no ribosomes |
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What 2 separate components can blood can be centrifuged into?
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1. plasma
2. cellular elements (e.g. RBC, WBC & platlets) |
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Give 5 functions of blood in our body.
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1. stabilization of body temp (by absorbing and emitting heat)
2. defense against pathogens & toxins (e.g. WBC) 3. preventing fluid loss (via clotting rxn & platlets) 4. transportation of dissolved gases & metabolic wastes to removal site (e.g. lung & kidneys) 5. pH balance & electrolyte composition of interstitial fluids |
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Name 2 wastes which the blood carries away from the tissue and where they are excreted.
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1. waste = carbon dioxide excreted though = lungs
2. waste = organic waste (e.g. urea) excreted through = kidneys |
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Name 3 ways that you could distinguish an artery from a vein?
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1. artery walls thicker
2. veins have vales 3. artery walls have pleated appearance |
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def: circulation of blood through the body which begins at the aortic valve & ends at the entrance to right atrium
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systemic circuit
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Where does the systemic circuit begin?
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aortic valve
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Where does the systemic circuit end?
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entrance to right atrium
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