Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
167 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What # is the olfactory nerve?
|
I
|
|
|
What # is the optic nerve?
|
II
|
|
|
What # is the oculomotor nerve?
|
III
|
|
|
What # is the trochlear nerve?
|
IV
|
|
|
What # is the trigeminal nerve?
|
V
|
|
|
What # is the abducens nerve?
|
VI
|
|
|
What # is the facial nerve?
|
VII
|
|
|
What # is the vestibulocochlear nerve?
|
VIII
|
|
|
What # is the glossopharyngeal nerve?
|
IX
|
|
|
What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?
|
unconscious regulation of visceral functions
|
|
|
What is the functional difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
|
SNS controls skeletal muscle contraction
ANS controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle contraction & glandular activity |
|
|
What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
|
1. sympathetic
2. parasympathetic |
|
|
Where do the neural fibers for the sympathetic nervous system exit the spinal cord?
|
thoracic & upper lumbar spine
|
|
|
Where do the neural fibers for the parasympathetic nervous system exit the spinal cord?
|
brainstem & sacrum
|
|
|
Typically how many neurons are involved in an efferent autonomic nervous route in the PNS?
|
2
|
|
|
What are the 2 neural fibers involved in an efferent autonomic nervous route in the PNS?
|
1. preganglionic neuron
2. ganglionic neuron |
|
|
Does the somatic nervous system have ganglions?
|
no
|
|
|
def: collections of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS
|
ganglion
|
|
|
If the efferent autonomic nervous system involved 2 neurons, how many does the somatic nervous system involve?
|
1
|
|
|
rest & digest is what system...?
parasympathetic sympathetic |
parasympathetic
|
|
|
fight & flight is what system...?
parasympathetic sympathetic |
sympathetic
|
|
|
What is the general function of the..
sympathetic nervous system? parasympathetic nervous system? |
fight/flight
rest/digest |
|
|
Where are the locations of the pre-ganglionic neurons in the....
sympathetic nervous system? parasympathetic nervous system? |
lateral gray horns & spinal segments T1-T2
brain stem |
|
|
Where is the location of the ganglia in the...
sympathetic nervous system? parasympathetic nervous system? |
near spinal cord
in or near target organs |
|
|
Are the preganglionic fibers long or short in the SNS?
|
short
|
|
|
Are the preganglionic fibers long or short in the PNS?
|
long
|
|
|
Are the preganglionic fibers myelinated in the SNS?
|
yes
|
|
|
Are the preganglionic fibers myelinated in the PNS?
|
yes
|
|
|
What neurotransmitter is released from the preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system?
|
Acetylcholine (Ach)
|
|
|
What neurotransmitter is released from the preganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system?
|
Ach
|
|
|
Are the postganglionic fibers long or short in the SNS?
|
long
|
|
|
Are the postganglionic fibers long or short in the PNS?
|
short
|
|
|
Are the postganglionic fibers myelinated in the SNS?
|
no
|
|
|
Are the postganglionic fibers myelinated in the PNS?
|
no
|
|
|
Are the postganglionic fibers myelinated in the SNS?
|
no
|
|
|
What neurotransmitter is released by the postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system?
|
NE
|
|
|
What neurotransmitter is released by the postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system?
|
Ach
|
|
|
Why is the sympathetic nervous system also known as the "Thoracolumbar division"?
|
because it's nerves run through thoracic vertebrae and lumbar vertebrae
|
|
|
What root of the spinal cord do the preganglionic efferent fibers travel through?
|
ventral root of spinal nerve
|
|
|
Each ventral root joins a _______ root to form a _______ nerve which then passes through an intervertebral foramen.
|
Each ventral root joins a dorsal root to form a spinal nerve which then passes through an intervertebral foramen.
|
|
|
The ventral root carries efferent or afferent motor info?
|
efferent
|
|
|
What does the dorsal root carry?
|
sensory (afferent) info
|
|
|
What nervous info of the sympathetic ANS travels through the spinal nerve?
|
somatic & visceral motor commands/sensations
|
|
|
Which is plural?
white rami communicantes white rami communicans |
white rami communicantes
|
|
|
Which is singular?
white rami communicantes white rami communicans |
white rami communicans
|
|
|
What type of nervous fibers of the sympathetic ANS travel through the white rami communicantes?
|
preganglionic neurons
|
|
|
Why is the white rami communicantes called the "white"?
|
because the neurons that makes up this structure are myelinated
|
|
|
Where can the sympathetic chain ganglia be found?
|
along entire vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, & coccygeal)
|
|
|
What are the 3 possible destinations for sympathetic chain ganglia?
|
1. innervate visceral effectors via spinal nerves
2. innervates visceral effectors in thoracic cavity via sympathetic nerves. 3. innervate visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity |
|
|
The sympathetic preganglionic neurons carrying information for general visceral effectors will synapse in ganglia with ?
|
post-ganglionic neurons
|
|
|
Where do post ganglionic neurons go after they synpase with preganglionic neurons?
|
they re-enter the spinal nerve via a gray ramus communicans
|
|
|
What enters the gray ramus communicans?
|
post ganglionic neurons
|
|
|
After the post ganglionic neurons enter the gray ramus communicans, what happens next?
|
they branch off to the various visceral effector organs
|
|
|
What does white ramus communicans mean?
|
white communicating branch
|
|
|
What does gray ramus communicans mean?
|
gray communicating branch
|
|
|
What type of nervous fibers of the sympathetic ANS travel through the gray rami communicantes?
|
post ganglionic neurons
|
|
|
If neural tissue is gray is it myelinated?
|
no
|
|
|
Nervous fibers in the gray rami communicantes innervate....
|
general visceral effectors
e.g. vasodilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscle e.g. sweat glands e.g. arrector pili muscle e.g. lipid release |
|
|
List the general skin effectors innervated by the sympathetic ANS.
|
1. constriction of cutaneous blood vessels
2. release of stored lipids from subcutaneous adipose tissue 3. secretion of sweat glands |
|
|
Preganglionic fibers that do NOT synpase in the sympathetic chain ganglia travel to a ________ ganglion where they synapse and continue to the abdominopelvic cavity viscera.
|
collateral
|
|
|
Preganglionic fibers that do NOT synpase in the sympathetic chain ganglia travel to a collateral ganglion where they synapse and continue to the ____________ cavity viscera.
|
abdominopelvic
|
|
|
Preganglionic fibers that synpase in the sympathetic chain ganglia travel to the ________ cavity viscera.
|
thoracic
|
|
|
___________ fibers that synpase in the sympathetic chain ganglia travel to the thoracic cavity viscera.
|
Preganglionic
|
|
|
In the thoracic cavity, after neurons synapse in the sympathetic chain ganglia, do the post ganglionic fibers pass through the gray rami communicantes?
|
no! - the post ganglionic fibers exit from unnamed sympathetic nerves going directly out to their respective thoracic cavity target organs.
|
|
|
What are the visceral effectors innervated by the sympathetic ANS in the thoracic cavity? (2)
|
1. heart
2. lungs |
|
|
What effect does the sympathetic ANS have on the heart and lungs? (6)
|
1. increases cardiovascular activity
2. increases respiratory centers 3. elevates blood pressure 4. increases heart rate 5. increases breathing rate 6. increases depth of breathing |
|
|
In the abdominopelvic cavity, preganglionic fibers pass through the ___________________ without synapsing.
|
sympathetic chain ganglia
|
|
|
In the abdominopelvic cavity, preganglionic fibers pass through the sympathetic chain ganglia without synapsing. They then join together to form the ......?
|
greater, lesser, and lumbar splanchnic nerves.
|
|
|
Splanchnic nerves are found in what general region of the body?
|
abdominopelvic
|
|
|
The splanchnic nerves from both sides of the body proceed out to to ......?
|
collateral ganglia
|
|
|
The splanchnic nerves from both sides of the body proceed out to to collateral ganglia where they synpase with ?
|
postganglionic fibers
|
|
|
The post ganglionic fibers in the abdominopelvic region go on to innervate what?
|
abdominopelvic organs
|
|
|
The greater splanchnic nerve takes info to the ____________ ganglion.
|
celiac
|
|
|
The lesser splanchnic nerve takes info to the ____________ ganglion.
|
superior mesenteric
|
|
|
The lumbar splanchnic nerve takes info to the ____________ ganglion.
|
inferior mesenteric
|
|
|
def: ganglia that lie in front of the vertebral column
|
collateral ganglia
|
|
|
What is the general name for the ganglia that lie in front of the vertebral column, usually near the thoracic or abdominal aorta?
|
collateral ganglia
|
|
|
Name the 3 ganglia that make up the collateral ganglia.
|
1. celiac ganglion
2. superior mesenteric ganglion 3. inferior mesenteric ganglion |
|
|
What is inside the collateral ganglia?
|
neuron cell bodies
|
|
|
Where is the superior mesenteric ganglia located in the abdominopelvic cavity?
|
base of superior mesenteric artery
|
|
|
Where is the inferior mesenteric ganglia located in the abdominopelvic cavity?
|
base of inferior mesenteric artery
|
|
|
Where is the celiac ganglia located in the abdominopelvic cavity?
|
on the upper part of the abdominal aorta on either side of the celiac artery
|
|
|
What visceral effectors (organs) in the abdominopelvic cavity are innervated by the sympathetic ANS? (10)
|
1. stomach
2. duodenum 3. liver 4. gallbladder 5. pancreas 6. spleen 7. small & large intestine 8. kidney 9. bladder 10. sex organs |
|
|
What general effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the visceral organs in the abdominopelvic cavity?
|
1. shuts them down to save energy for rest of body during "fight or "flight
|
|
|
Where are the suprarenal glands located?
|
superior portion of kidney
|
|
|
Where are the adrenal glands located?
|
superior portion of kidney
|
|
|
What is the adrenal medulla?
|
inside portion of the adrenal gland
|
|
|
What does the adrenal medulla secrete?
|
1. neurotransmitter epinephrine (aka adrenaline)
2. neurotransmitter norepinephrine (aka noradrenaline) |
|
|
epinephrine aka ?
|
adrenaline
|
|
|
norepinephrine aka?
|
noradrenaline
|
|
|
norepinephrine & epinephrine are what?
|
neurotransmitters
|
|
|
What organ in the body secretes epinephrine & norepinephrine
|
adrenal glands
|
|
|
How does the effect of the hormones secreted by the supradrenal medullae differ from the neurotransmitter released by the post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons?
|
1. cells are not innervated by sympathetic post ganglionic fibers
2. effects last much longer because released hormones continue to diffuse into blood for sometime afterwards |
|
|
What abdominal organs (viscera) receive post-ganglionic SNS fibers from the superior mesenteric ganglion? (2)
|
1. small intestine
2. large intestine |
|
|
What abdominal organs (viscera) receive post-ganglionic SNS fibers from the celiac ganglion? (5)
|
1. stomach
2. liver 3. gallbladder 4. pancreas 5. spleen |
|
|
What abdominal organs (viscera) receive post-ganglionic SNS fibers from the inferior mesenteric ganglion? (3)
|
1. kideny
2. bladder 3. sex organs |
|
|
What types of nerves are contained in the brachial plexus?
|
1. somatic motor
2. somatic sensory 3. visceral motor 4. visceral sensory |
|
|
True or False?
The brachial plexus carries nerve fibers to the muscles. |
True
|
|
|
True or False?
The brachial plexus carries nerve fibers to the blood vessels. |
True
|
|
|
True or False?
The brachial plexus carries nerve fibers to the sweat glands. |
True
|
|
|
True or False?
The brachial plexus carries nerve fibers to the hair erectors. |
True
|
|
|
True or False?
The brachial plexus carries nerve fibers from the sensory receptors in the muscles of the upper limb. |
True
|
|
|
True or False?
The brachial plexus carries nerve fibers from the sensory receptors in the muscles of the lower limb. |
False (only upper limb)
|
|
|
Why is the parasympathetic nervous system also known as the craniosacral division?
|
nerves from cranium & sacral region
|
|
|
What anatomical structure does cranial nerve III innervate?
|
eye
|
|
|
What anatomical structure does cranial nerve VII innervate?
|
1. lacrimal gland (produces tears in eyes)
2. salivary gland |
|
|
What anatomical structure does cranial nerve IX innervate?
|
salivary glands
|
|
|
What roman numeral is the vagus nerve?
|
X
|
|
|
What visceral organs does the vagus nerve innervate?
|
everything!
|
|
|
The preganglionic or postganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve synapse on the cardiac plexus?
|
preganglionic
|
|
|
Do the preganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve synapse on the cardiac plexus?
|
yes
|
|
|
Def: complex interwoven network of nerves.
|
nerve plexus
|
|
|
Name the 6 main plexuses found in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
|
1. cardiac plexus
2. pulmonary plexus 3. esophageal plexus 4. celiac plexus 5. inferior mesenteric plexus 6. hypogastric plexus |
|
|
def: small parasympathetic ganglia that lie near or within (respectively) the organs they innervate.
|
intramural ganglion
|
|
|
What plexus innervates 75% of all parasympathetic outflow?
|
cardiac plexus
|
|
|
What level does the sacral section of the parasympathetic division exit the spinal cord from?
|
S2 to S4
|
|
|
Where do the pelvic nerves exit the spinal cord?
|
sacrum (S2 to S4)
|
|
|
Name 4 organs innervated by the sacral parasympathetic neurons.
|
1. kidneys
2. sex organs 3. large intestine 4. urinary bladder |
|
|
def: chamber in the brain containing CSF
|
ventricle in the brain
|
|
|
What are the 3 jobs of the meninges?
|
1. protection
2. physical stability 3. shock absorption |
|
|
Which layer of the dura mater is outermost?
|
endosteal layer
|
|
|
Which layer of the dura mater is innermost?
|
meningeal layer
|
|
|
How many layers to the dura mater?
|
2
|
|
|
What is the name of the sinuses we need to know?
|
dural sinuses
|
|
|
Where are the dural sinuses located?
|
between the 2 dura layers
|
|
|
Does CSF flow in the subarachnoid space?
|
yes
|
|
|
def: high vascular membrane that acts as a floor to support large blood vessels
|
pia mater
|
|
|
Where is CSF found?
|
ventricles of brain & central canal of spinal cord
|
|
|
Functions of CSF? (5)
|
1. protection
2. cushion 3. support 4. waste removal 5. delivers nutrients |
|
|
What does gray matter consist of? (3)
|
1. nerve cell bodies
2. glial cells 3. unmyelinated axons |
|
|
What does white matter consist of?
|
myelinated axons
|
|
|
def: elevated ridge in the cerebral cortex
|
gyrus
|
|
|
def: shallow depressions in the cerebral cortex
|
sulcus (sulci)
|
|
|
def: deep depression in the cerebral cortex
|
fissure
|
|
|
The lobes of the brain correspond to what?
|
names of the bones overlying them
|
|
|
In what lobe is the primary motor cortex?
|
frontal lobe
|
|
|
What does the primary motor cortex control?
|
conscious control of skeletal muscle (integrates info from sensory association areas & performs abstract intellectual functions)
|
|
|
What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
|
conscious perception of auditory & olfactory stimuli
|
|
|
What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
|
conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature & taste
|
|
|
What is the occipital lobe's function?
|
conscious perception of visual stimuli
|
|
|
Within what lobe does the insula lobe fall?
|
temporal lobe
|
|
|
The insula lobe is found within the _______ sulcus.
|
lateral
|
|
|
What is the function of the insula lobe?
|
language
balance visceral functions some aspects of smell |
|
|
What part of the brain is involved in the feelings of an upset stomach?
|
insula lobe
|
|
|
What part of the brain is involved in the feelings of an full bladder?
|
insula lobe
|
|
|
What gyrus is an important area in the limbic system?
|
cingulate gyrus
|
|
|
The post central gyrus is ________ sensory only.
|
somatic
|
|
|
What is the function of the postcentral gyrus?
|
somatic sensory - touch, pressure, pain, taste & temp
|
|
|
What is the corpus callosum composed of?
|
central white matter
|
|
|
What is the function of the corpus collosum?
|
connect 2 hemisphere's of the brain
|
|
|
What is the function of the thalamus?
|
relay center for sensory info
|
|
|
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
|
emotion & visceral processes
forms link between nervous & endocrine system |
|
|
What is the function of the midbrain?
|
1. process visual stimuli
2. process auditory info 3. generates reflexive responses |
|
|
mesencephalon aka?
|
midbrain
|
|
|
What brain structure is involved in involuntary control of respiration?
|
pons
|
|
|
What is the function of the cerebellum?
|
planning, execution & coordination of trunk movements
|
|
|
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
|
physically connects brain & spina cord - allows communication
|
|
|
Nerves are divided into 2 types depending on?
|
location of their junction with the CNS
|
|
|
Where do spinal nerves attach to the CNS?
|
spinal cord
|
|
|
Where do cranial nerves attach to the CNS?
|
brain
|
|
|
What is the function of the olfactory nerve?
|
smell (special sensory)
|
|
|
What is the function of the optic nerve?
|
vision (special sensory)
|
|
|
What is the function of the occulomotor nerve?
|
eye movements
|
|
|
What is the function of the trigeminal nerve?
|
major sensory nerve of the face
|
|
|
What nerve is responsible for equilibrium and hearing?
|
vestibulocochlear
|
|
|
What does the accessory nerve control?
|
motor, muscles of head and neck
|
|
|
What does the hypoglossal nerve control?
|
motor, tounge musculature
|
