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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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def: chemical & enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids & proteins into their respective building blocks.
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digestion
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Name 7 essential processes involved in digestion.
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1. ingestion
2. mechanical processing 3. digestion 4. secretion 5. absorption 6. compaction 7. excretion |
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Name the 6 main organs of the digestive tract.
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1. oral cavity
2. pharynx 3. esophagus 4. stomach 5. small intestine 6. large intestine |
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Name the 6 accessory digestive organs.
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1. teeth
2. tongue 3. salivary glands 4. liver 5. pancreas 6. gallbladder |
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True or False?
The mucosal epithelium changes in different regions of the digestive tract. |
True
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How many layers of mucosa (mucosal epithelium).
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3
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Name the 3 layers of digestive tract mucosa.
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1. mucosal epithelium
2. lamina propria 3. muscularis mucosae |
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What layers of the digestive tract mucosa is composed of either stratified or simple squamous epithelium?
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mucosal epithelium
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What is the lamina propria composed of?
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areolar tissue
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What is the muscularis mucosae composed of?
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smooth muscle
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What is the function of the muscularis mucosae?
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contraction of layers alters shape of lumen and move epithelial pleats & folds
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What is the submucosa composed of?
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areolar tissue
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How many layers make up the muscularis externa of the digestive tract?
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2
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Name the 2 layers of the muscularis externa.
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1. circular (inner) layer
2. longitudinal (outer) layer |
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The muscularis externa of the digestive tract is composed of what tissue?
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smooth muscle
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Which layer of the muscularis externa of the digestive tract is responsible for contraction?
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circular (inner) layer
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Which layer of the muscularis externa of the digestive tract is responsible for elongation?
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longitudinal
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Serosa is composed of what 2 tissue types?
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1. mesothelium (simple squamous)
2. loose connective tissue |
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The mesothelium of the serosa is composed of what type of epithelium?
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simple squamous
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Where is adventitia found?
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1. oral cavity
2. pharynx 3. esophagus 4. rectum |
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What is adventia composed of?
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1. dense network of collagen fibers that firmly attach digestive tract to adjacent structures.
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What division of the nervous system innervates smooth muscle tissue?
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1. parasympathetic
2. sympathetic |
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Where is the nuclei in smooth muscle?
Where is the nuclei in skeletal muscle? |
center of cell
multinucleated |
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What is the shape of smooth muscle cells?
What is the shape of skeletal muscle? |
small with tapering ends
large, long & slender |
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What is the length of a smooth muscle cell?
What is the length of skeletal muscle? |
short
foot or more in length |
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Do smooth muscle cells have striations?
Do skeletal muscle cells have striations? |
no
yes |
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Is the innervation voluntary or involuntary in smooth muscle?
Is the innervation voluntary or involuntary in skeletal muscle? |
involuntary
voluntary |
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What initiates the contraction of smooth muscle?
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parasympathetic ganglia
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def: a plexus of unmyelinated fibers and postganglionic autonomic cell bodies in the muscular coat of the esophagus and stomach and intestines
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myenteric plexus
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What initiates the relaxation of smooth muscle?
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sympathetic postganglionic fibers
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What initiates the contraction of skeletal muscle?
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motor neurons
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def: the peritoneal serosa covering the inner surface of the abdominal cavity walls.
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parietal peritoneum
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def: the peritoneal serosa covering the outer surfaces of the organs lying within the cavity.
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visceral peritoneum
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What is the name given to the simple squamous epithelium in serous membranes?
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endothelium
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What tissue types make up the 2 membranes of the serosa?
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1. thin layer of connective tissue
2. simple squamous epithelium |
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define digestion
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chemical & enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins into their respective building blocks
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Define parietal peritoneum
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def: the peritoneal serosa covering the inner surface of the abdominal cavity walls.
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Define visceral peritoneum
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def: the peritoneal serosa covering the outer surfaces of the organs lying within the cavity walls.
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What specific tissue lines the mouth & pharynx?
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stratified squamous epithelium
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What 4 main digestive functions happen to food in the mouth?
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1. analysed (sensory info)
2. lubricated 3. mechanical digestion 4. chemical digestion |
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When we taste food (receive sensory info) it is ....?
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analysed
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What 2 types of digestion take place in the mouth?
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1. mechanical digestion
2. chemical digestion |
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What is the name for gums?
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gingiva
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What are the accessory digestive structures?
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1. tongue
2. salivary glands 3. teeth |
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taste buds aka?
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papillae
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Name the 2 muscles of the tongue.
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Intrinsic m.
Extrinsic m. |
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List the tongues 4 main functions that assist the digestive process.
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1. mechanical processing
2. manipulation to assist chewing & swallowing 3. sensory analysis (touch, temp, taste) 4. mucous secretions |
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Name the 2 types of cells found in salivary glands.
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1. mucous secretory cells
2. serous secretory cells |
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What teeth are classified as bicuspids?
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premolars
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What teeth are classified as cuspids?
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canine teeth
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Name for the 2 front teeth?
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central incisors
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Name for the 2 teeth NEXT to the front teeth.
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lateral incisors
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What connects the middle ear to the pharynx?
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opening of auditory tubes (aka pharyngotympanic tubes)
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What muscles in the pharynx help move food towards the esophagus?
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pharyngeal constrictor muscles
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What muscles raise the soft palate & adjacent portions of pharyngeal wall.
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palatal muscles
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What do the palatal muscles do?
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raise the soft palate & adjacent portions of pharyngeal wall
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Name the 3 phases of the swallowing process.
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1. buccal
2. pharyngeal 3. esophageal |
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Which phase of swallowing is voluntarily controlled?
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buccal phase
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What is the name given to the compacted mass of chewed food that is swallowed?
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bolus
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What happens in the esophagus?
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food & liquids are transported to stomach
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In which part of the thoracic cavity is the esophagus located?
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upper part - posterior to dorsal wall of mediastinum
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What is the name given to the opening in the diaphragm which allows the esophagus to pass into the abdominal cavity?
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esophageal hiatus
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abdominal cavity aka?
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peritoneal cavity
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What tissue forms the epithelium of the mucosa?
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stratified squamous epithelium
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What glands lie within the submucosa of the esophgus?
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esophageal glands
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What do the esophageal glands produce?
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mucous secretions
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What is the functions of the mucous secretions in the esphagus?
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lubricate bolus & protect epithelial surfaces
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List the 2 digestive functions.
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1. mechanical breakdown of ingested food
2. chemical digestion through disruption of chemical bonds by acids & enzymes |
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What is the name give to the stomach contents by the time it is ready to leave the stomach.
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chyme
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In which cavity is the stomach located?
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left upper part of the abdominal cavity
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What tissue forms the mucosal epithelium?
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simple columnar
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What is the function of the mucosal epithelium in the stomach?
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produces layer of mucous that covers the luminal surfaces of stomach
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What are the 4 layers of the stomach?
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1. mucosa
2. submucosa 3. muscularis externa 4. serosa |
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Why are the extra muscle layers present in the stomach?
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protect organs from contents of stomach?
churning food? |
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Cells lining ___________ produce gastric juice?
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gastric glands
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def: A double layer of membrane that is rich in fatty tissue and lies in front of the intestines like an apron, covering the internal organs.
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omentum
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def: a large fold of peritoneum that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach, passing in front of the small intestines and reflects on itself to ascend to the transverse colon before reaching to the posterior abdominal wall.
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greater omentum
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def: is the double layer of peritoneum that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the start of the duodenum.
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lesser omentum
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The greater omentum & lesser omentum are part of the ?
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mesenteries of stomach
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What are the 3 functions of the greater omentum?
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1. heat insulation
2. protection 3. energy reserve |
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The lesser omentum attached what 2 organs together?
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stomach (via lesser curvature) to liver
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What is the function of rugae in the stomach?
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expansion & contraction of stomach
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The small intestine is composed of what 2 parts?
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1. duodenum
2. jejunum 3. ileum |
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What are the digestive processes/functions of the small & large intestine? (4)
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1. nutrient absorption
2. buffers 3. secretion of enzymes 4. absorption of lipids |
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What 3 design features increase the surface area for absorption & help chyme to slowly spiral past the absorptive epithelium in the small intestine?
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1. intestinal villi (note: 2 L's)
2. plicae circulares |
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What are plicae circulares?
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transverse folds in intestinal lining
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def: transverse folds in intestinal lining
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plicae circulares
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describe intestinal villi
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finger like projections in lumen of small intestine
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Are Intestinal villi located in the large intestine (colon)?
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no
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What are the 4 layers of the intestinal wall?
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1. mucosa with muscularis mucosa
2. submucosa 3. muscularis externa 4. serosa |
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What layer of the intestinal wall in the small intestine forms the intestinal villi?
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mucosa with muscularis mucosa
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def: located inside villus of small intestine; transport materials that can't enter capillaries (i.e. large lipid-protein complexes)
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lacteal
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The nutrients absorbed through the small intestine enters what?
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capillary plexus
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def: a gland found in the epithelial lining of the small intestine and colon that secrete various enzymes (e.g. sucrase, maltase, peptidases)
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intestinal crypts (aka intestinal glands)
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What occurs in the duodenum?
What occurs in the jejenum? What occurs in the ileum? |
chemical breakdown of chyme & absorption of nutrients
some digestion; absorption absorption |
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def: entryway for the secretions from the gall bladder and pancreas
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duodenal papilla (orifice for pancreatic & bile duct)
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What controls movement through the small intestine?
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peristaltic contractions caused by neural reflexes including submucosal & mesenteric plexuses
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Give the 4 processes that occur in the large intestine.
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1. reabsorption of water & electrolytes
2. storing of fecal matter 3. absorption of important vitamins produced by bacteria 4. compaction of contents into feces |
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Movement of fecal material though most of the large intestine is called?
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mass movement
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Mass movement of fecal material though most of large intestine is stimulated by?
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distension of stomach & duodenum
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How often does mass movement of fecal material through large intestine occur?
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few times a day
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Is the rectum part of the large intestine?
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yes
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Is the rectum part of the colon?
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no (the colon is one specific part of the large intestine)
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Name the 3 major parts of the large intestine.
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1. cecum
2. colon 3. rectum |
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def: part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum and anus.
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sigmoid colon (pelvic colon)
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Mucosal epithelium is....?
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simple columnar epithelium
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The longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa in the colon are uniquely reduced to the muscular bands of the ?
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taeniae coli
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def: three separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons.
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taeniae coli
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Intestinal glands produce?
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mucus
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The vermiform appendix is an organ of what system?
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lymphatic system
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Name the valve that connects the ileum of the large intestine to the cecum.
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ileocecal valve
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Name the 4 regions of the colon.
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1. ascending colon
2. transverse colon 3. descending colon 4. sigmoid colon |
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What is the function of the rectum?
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temporary storage of feces
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At what part of the large intestine do the taeniae coli disappear?
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rectum
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def: situated between the rectum and anus
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anal canal
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What are the 3 basic functions of the liver?
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1. metabolic regulation
2. hematological regulation 3. bile production |
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What is the function of the common hepatic duct?
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units right & left hepatic ducts & transports secretions from the liver into the common bile duct
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What does the common hepatic duct carry?
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bile
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What is the function of bile? (2)
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1. emulsification of fats
2. buffers acid chyme |
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What is the function of the gall bladder?
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stores & releases bile produced by liver via cystic duct
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What control whether bile is stored in the gallbladder or goes directly to the duodenum?
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chyme arriving at duodenum containing large amounts of lipids & partially digested proteins stimulates duodenal and intestinal mucos to secrete CCK (Cholecystokinin) which stimulates contraction of gall bladder & relaxation of hepatopancreatic sphincter
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What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?
What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas? |
produces & secretes digestive enzymes
produces & secrete glucagon & insulin |
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List the 4 organs of the urinary system.
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1. urinary bladder
2. kidney 3. ureters 4. urethra |
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What does renal mean?
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kidney
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Where is the renal cortex?
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outer edge
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Where is the medulla of the kidney?
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inner edge
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What makes up the medulla of the kidney?
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renal (medullary) pyramids
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Is this singular or pleural?
calyx |
singular
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Is this singular or pleural?
calyces |
pleural
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What structures make up the renal pyramids?
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nephrons
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List 4 main components of nephron & functions.
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1. Bowman's capsule - produces filtrate
2. proximal convoluted tubule - reabsorbs organic nutrients & ions 3. Nephron loop - further reabsorbs water, nutrients & ions 4. distal convoluted tubule - drugs/toxins/ions/acids into urine; water/ions out to body |
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The collecting system consists of?
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1. connecting tubule
2. collecting duct 3. papillary duct |
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What is the function of the collecting duct? (2)
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1. transports tubular fluid from nephron to renal pelvis
2. final adjustments to osmotic volume of fluid |
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What are renal papillae?
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tips of renal pyramids
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What happens at renal papillae?
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urine production
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What 2 structures make up the renal corpuscle?
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1. glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule)
2. glomerulus |
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What is the glomerulus made of?
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capillaries
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Name for the artery entering the glomerular capsule?
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afferent arteriole
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Name for the artery exiting the glomerular capsule?
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efferent arteriole
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Which arteriole has a larger diameter?
afferent arteriole efferent arteriole |
afferent arteriole
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Why does the afferent arteriole have a larger diameter in relation the efferent arteriole?
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pressure forces filtration of blood
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Approx. how many intertwining capillaries in glomerulus?
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50
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def: the tiny blood vessels that travel alongside nephron loop allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron. Ions and minerals that need to be saved in the body are reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries through active transport.
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peritubular capillaries
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Why are females more susceptible to urinary tract infections than males?
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urethra is closer to anus
urethra is shorter |
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7 major functions of urinary system?
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1. regulating plasma
2. regulating blood pressure & volume 3. contributing to stabilization of blood pH 4. conserving valuable nutrients 5. eliminating wastes 6. synthesizing Calcitriol 7.assists liver in detoxifying blood |
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def: stimulates calcium absorption from blood (into urine for excretion)
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Calcitriol
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Name 4 organs (other than urinary system) involved in excretion.
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1. skin
2. liver 3. lungs 4. rectum |
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What 3 metabolic wastes would u find in skeletal mucle capillary beds?
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1. creatine
2. bilirubin 3. ammonium ions |
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testis is singular or pleural?
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singular
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Where is sperm produced?
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seminiferous tubules
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What is the function of epididymis?
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stores sperm while it matures
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testes is singular or pleural?
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plural
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Name 3 glands in the male anatomy that contribute secretions to semen
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1. prostate gland
2. seminal glands 3. bulbourethral glands |
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plural or singular?
corpora cavernosa |
pleural
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plural or singular?
corpus cavernosum |
singular
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Name the 3 segments of the male urethra
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1. prostatic urethra
2. membranous urethra 3. spongy urethra |
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Where is the membranous urethra?
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after prostate gland, before penis
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Where is the spongy urethra?
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in penis
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What is produced in ovaries?
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eggs from follicles
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What is the function of the uterine tubes?
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propels egg towards uterus
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what is function of uterus?
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development of fetus
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define endometrium
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inner lining of uterus wall which goes through cycle changes during menstrual cycle
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what is the name for the smooth muscle in the uterus?
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myometrium
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pleural or singular?
labia minora |
pleural
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pleural or singular?
labium minus |
singular
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pleural or singular?
labium majorus |
singular
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pleural or singular?
labia majora |
pleural
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What is the function of the broad ligament?
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supports ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus & vagina
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What is the broad ligament made of?
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extensive mesentery
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Why are inguinal hernias relatively common in males?
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inguinal canals link the scrotal chambers with peritoneal cavity & the prescence of spermatic cords leaves weak points in abdominal wall where small intestine is easily pushed through
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how could scarring the uterine tubes = infertility?
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prevents passage of fertilized egg to uterus
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