Epd Terminology

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extravascular blood coagulum or postmortem intravascular coagulum

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Blood Clot

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acute strain or hypertrophy of the right ventricle caused by a disorder of the lungs or of the pulmonary blood vessels

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Cor pulmonale

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identifies the presence of d-dimer, a degradation product of cross-linked fibrin, as an indicator of active fibrinolysis

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D-dimer Test

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hemorrhage larger than 1.0cm that appears in soft tissue or skin due to trauma

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Ecchymosis

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a mass that travels through the bloodstream and lodges so as to obstruct or occlude a blood vessel; can be a thromboembolus or any material that can gain access to the circulation

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Embolus

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a nosebleed

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epistaxis

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an insoluble protein that creates a network of interlacing fibers that traps platelets and blood cells to form a fibrin plug

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fibrin

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inactive, soluble form of fibrin that can be found in circulating blood; produced in the liver

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Fibrinogen

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the enzymatic breakdown of fibrin by plasmin

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Fibrinolysis

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accumulation of blood in a joint or joint cavity

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hemarthrosis

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vomiting of blood

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hematemesis

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bright red blood in the stool indicating a lower GI tract bleeding disorder such as hemorrhoids

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hematochezia

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extravascular blood coagulum

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hematoma

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coughing of blood from the lungs

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hemoptysis

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process of tissue necrosis secondary to abrupt hypoxia/anoxia; liquefactive necrosis occurs in brain tissue and coagulative necrosis occurs everywhere else

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infarction

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dark “tarry” blood in the stool indicating an upper GI tract bleeding disorder

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melena

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acute strain or hypertrophy of the right ventricle caused by a disorder of the lungs or of the pulmonary blood vessels

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Cor pulmonale

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identifies the presence of d-dimer, a degradation product of cross-linked fibrin, as an indicator of active fibrinolysis

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D-dimer Test

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hemorrhage larger than 1.0cm that appears in soft tissue or skin due to trauma

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Ecchymosis

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a mass that travels through the bloodstream and lodges so as to obstruct or occlude a blood vessel; can be a thromboembolus or any material that can gain access to the circulation

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Embolus

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a nosebleed

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epistaxis

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an insoluble protein that creates a network of interlacing fibers that traps platelets and blood cells to form a fibrin plug

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fibrin

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inactive, soluble form of fibrin that can be found in circulating blood; produced in the liver

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Fibrinogen

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the enzymatic breakdown of fibrin by plasmin

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Fibrinolysis

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accumulation of blood in a joint or joint cavity

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hemarthrosis

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vomiting of blood

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hematemesis

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bright red blood in the stool indicating a lower GI tract bleeding disorder such as hemorrhoids

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hematochezia

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extravascular blood coagulum

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hematoma

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coughing of blood from the lungs

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hemoptysis

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process of tissue necrosis secondary to abrupt hypoxia/anoxia; liquefactive necrosis occurs in brain tissue and coagulative necrosis occurs everywhere else

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infarction

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dark “tarry” blood in the stool indicating an upper GI tract bleeding disorder

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melena

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a venous embolus that gains access into the systemic circulation through a right-to-left shunt in the heart

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Paradoxic Embolus

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pinpoint-sized(1-2mm) hemorrhage that usually occurs in clusters; due to thrombocytopenia or endothelial cell injury

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Petechia

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the active form of plasminogen, a protein produced in the liver that is activated by urokinase and tPA; cleaves fibrinogen and fibrin into split products in thrombolysis

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Plasmin

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hemorrhage smaller than 1.0cm usually due to vascular disorders

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Purpura

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the restoration of the lumen of a blood vessel following thrombotic occlusion due to a combination of fibrinolytic activity and endothelial proliferation

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Recanalization

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a large pulmonary embolus that saddles the pulmonary trunk as it divides into the right and left main pulmonary arteries, thus blocking both branches

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Saddle Embolus

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inadequate perfusion and resultant hypoxia of body tissues

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shock

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the formation, presence, or development of a thrombus

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Thrombosis

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an exaggerated form of dysplasia that can be observed in malignant cells that includes varying degrees of cytologic and nuclear atypia, alteration in the shape and size of the cell and/or nucleus, loss of cell orientation, and abnormal mitoses

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Anaplasia

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accumulation in the lungs from inhaled smoke or coal dust; miner’s lung

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Anthracosis

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– a distinctive form of cell death that involves individual cells or small clusters of; active, energy-dependent process under strict regulatory control that does not illicit an inflammatory response

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Apoptosis

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small, membrane-bound segment of a cell that results from apoptosis; phagocytized by macrophages via receptor binding

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Apoptotic Body

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cellular destruction caused by endogenous enzymes

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autolysis

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formed by fusion of a lysosome with a cytoplasmic structure to digest intracellular material

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Autophagic Vacoule

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a family of intracellular proteolytic enzymes that mediate the apoptotic process present within the cytosol in their inactive form (procaspaces)

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Caspaces

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destructive metabolism in which complex materials are broken down to release energy

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Catabolism

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the finely-dispersed state in which DNA can be found in the nucleus of a resting (non-dividing) cell

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chromatin

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to make a crackling sound due to air bubbles beneath the surface of the skin

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crepitation

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regulatory protein released by cells of the immune system that act as intercellular mediators of the immune response

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cytokine

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an integral part of the cytoplasm that allows for cell motility and maintains cell structure, consisting of microfilaments, cell-type specific intermediate filaments, and microtubules

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cytoskeleton

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the amorphous ground substance of the cytoplasm consisting of water, nutrients, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins; also the location of cellular organelles

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cytosol

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the cause or origin of a disease

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Etiology

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ferric iron-apoferritin protein complex involved in normal iron absorption and storage

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Ferritin

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damaged vascular endothelium increases vascular permeability, leading to edema and blister formation

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Frostbite

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cellular destruction caused by exogenous enzymes

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Heterolysis

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digestion within a cell of a substance taken into the cell by phagocytosis from the outside environment

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Heterophagy

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ability to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting physiological processes

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Homeostasis

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chromatin dissolution, definitive morphologic evidence of irreversible cell injury and death

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Karyolysis

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chromatin fragmentation, definitive morphologic evidence of irreversible cell injury and death

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Karyorrhexis

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generally composed of epithelial cells, this tissue is the distinctive (often functional) cells of an organ

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Parenchyma

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the development of a diseased condition

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Pathogenesis

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small, concentrically laminated sphere of calcium, representing a calcium deposit

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Psammoma Body

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dense chromatin condensation, definitive morphologic evidence of irreversible cell injury and death

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Pyknosis

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remnant of material that lysosomes are unable to digest found in the cytoplasm

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Residual Body

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generally composed of mesenchymal connective tissue cells, this tissue provides the structural framework of an organ

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Stroma

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diffuse, generalized edema throughout the body

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Anasarca

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accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity due to increased hydrostatic pressure within the portal venous system

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Ascites

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gross appearance of the lungs due to fibrous thickening of the alveolar walls

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Brown Induration

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bluish discoloration of tissue

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cyanosis

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the movement of blood cells through intact capillary walls into the surrounding tissue

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diapedesis

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difficulty breathing, often associated with lung or heart disease

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dyspnea

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accumulation of excess fluid in cells or tissues; generally starts in loose connective tissue, so one of the first signs of edema is puffiness around the eyes

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Edema

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the seeping of a fluid into a body cavity or tissue

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effusion

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fatty change of peripheral periportal hepatocytes resulting in a mottled red-brown and yellow-tan gross appearance of the liver

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Nutmeg Liver

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discomfort in breathing when laying down; this is measured by the number of pillows required for a patient to breathe and sleep at night

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Orthopnea

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abnormal respiratory sounds associated with pulmonary edema

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rales/crackles

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localized collection of pus associated with liquefaction necrosis

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abscess

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any protein that increases in concentration by at least 25% with inflammation; includes C-reactive protein, complement, and fibrinogen

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Acute Phase Protein

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substance that may cause the release of histamine and result in hypersensitivity

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Anaphylatoxin

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polypeptide that acts as an intercellular mediator of the immune response

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cytokine

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localized collection of pus in a natural anatomic cavity

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Empyema

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a non-epithelial cell that has similar characteristics derived from a macrophage

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Epitheloid Cell

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the rate at which RBCs settle in blood with anticoagulant

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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

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formed by a syncytium or fusion of epithelioid cells

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Giant Cell

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increase in the total number of granulocytes in the blood

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Granulocytosis

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consists of small, nodular collections of epithelioid cells; often contain giant cells

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Granuloma

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circulating monocyte in the resting state (not reacting to a stimulus)

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Histiocyte

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glycoproteins found on cell surfaces that promote adhesion of cells to other cells or to extracellular material

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Integrins

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proteolytic enzyme of the kinin system that cleaves high molecular-weight kininogen to bradykinin

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Kallikrein

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extreme elevations of WBC count

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Leukemoid Reaction

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increase in the total number of circulating leukocytes in peripheral blood

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Leukocytosis

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abnormal increase in the number of lymphocytes in the bloodstream

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Lymphocytosis

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chemical mediators produced by lymphocytes that are involved in lymphocyte recruitment and proliferation and other aspects of inflammation/immunity

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Lymphokines

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circulating monocyte reacting to stimulus

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Macrophage

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enzymes secreted by monocytes including acid hydrolases, neutral proteases, chemotactic factors, arachidonic acid metabolites, free radicals, and growth promoting factors

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Monokine

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antibodies or products of the complement system (particularly C3b) that attaches to foreign material and makes it more susceptible to phagocytosis

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Opsonin

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sugar-binding lectins found on cell surfaces that promote adhesion of cells to other cells and mediate their migration to sites of injury or inflammation

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Selectins