Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Epidemiology |
study of the incidents, distribution and determinants of health States and real health related events in human populations |
|
|
Epi goals |
To identify risk factors for the purpose of prevention To identify individuals who are at increased risk |
|
|
Heath states / related events |
-Mortality -Chronic diseases or disorders, CBD, obesity, diabetes, cancer, depression... Adoption of certain behaviors such as smoking, drug abuse, seatbelt use |
|
|
Influencing risk factors |
Physical activity, exercise, fitness, physical inactivity screen time, nutritional behaviors, socioeconomic status, cultural influences... |
|
|
Population in statistics |
Refers to all the members of a defined group, like all postmenopausal women |
|
|
Sample |
A subset of individuals drawn from the population: Postmenopausal women in Utah, |
|
|
Most epidemiologic studies done on |
Samples epidemiology strives to study large groups that enable better interpretation of reality of health States within a population. |
|
|
Why study epidemiology of physical activity |
Because there is ample! evidence that physical activity can positively influence both quality and quantity of life because healthier people are more productive citizens and consumers and they are less costly |
|
|
American healthcare spending |
America spends a lot more on healthcare than other developed countries, but their life expectancy is less than average |
|
|
Disease |
reduced, abnormal, or lost structure and or function of the body cells, organs or systems resulting in impairment of body function, disagreement, and or death Usually characterized by, distinct signs or symptoms, specific cause, typical source of development and progression |
|
|
Health |
Complete physical, mental, and social well-being. further defined by measurable characteristics such as body functions, personal activities, participation in society |
|
|
Epidemiologists study |
The collective health of the people in a population or large sample |
|
|
Origins of epidemiology |
Dr. Jon Snow, early 1800s Studied the cholera outbreak in London |
|
|
Infectious disease |
Diseases that are caused by pathogenic microorganisms are and are communicable |
|
|
Chronic disease |
Disease art health condition that persists and its effect on the patient, more likely to be influenced by lifestyle factors |
|
|
Mortality from all causes decline |
Mortality from all causes declined 54% between 1900 and 2010 |
|
|
Epidemiology research really took off |
In the 1980s, following behind a significant rise in obesity incidence |
|
|
Jeremy Morris |
Occupational physical activity London bus study and postal worker study |
|
|
Ralph Paffenbarger |
Leisure Time physical activity studies, Harvard alumni study |
|
|
Stephen Blair |
Fitness studies, aerobics center longitudinal study ACLS champion of low-volume exercise benefits, just a little bit helps |
|
|
National institute of health |
To develop knowledge to protect, improve our nation's health |
|
|
Center for disease control |
Uses science to guide policy and public health efforts to protect and improve health of the nation |
|
|
Physical inactivity and the healthcare burden |
Physical inactivity has been established as a public health burden in PA epidemiology research
Increase in % GDP spent on healthcare has been consistent over the past 75 years |
|
|
Disability years |
Usually the last decade of a person's life is spent in disability |
|
|
Reduced the curve |
Increase the quality of the whole life span, not just increase years remaining |
|
|
Positive risk factors |
Increase likelihood of disease |
|
|
Negative risk factors |
Decrease likelihood of disease, like exercising, and HDL levels |
|
|
Physical activity |
Any bodily movement produced by contraction of skeletal muscle that substantially increases energy expenditure above resting levels. Occupational vs. LTPA |
|
|
Exercise |
Planned Structured Repetitive To improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness |
|
|
Health related components of physical fitness |
1. Body composition 2. Cardiorespiratory fitness 3. Muscular strength 4. Muscular endurance 5. Flexibility |
|
|
Performance components |
Power Agility Balance Coordination Can also be part of health-related because older people need these in order to not fall down |
|
|
Mortality |
The occurrence of death (Life expectancy, specific or non-specific cause) |
|
|
Morbidity |
The absence of health, characterized by dependence on others for activities of daily living and support (Quality of life) |
|
|
Risk factor |
A clearly defined characteristic that is associated with the occurrence of disease or health outcome |
|
|
Positive risk factors |
Usually indicates increased rate of susceptibility, adds to risk |
|
|
Negative risk factors |
Can indicate decreased susceptibility, subtracts from risk |
|
|
Case |
People with a disease or health outcome of interest (they have the heart attack or diabetes...) |
|
|
Controls |
People without the disease, injury, outcome of interest |
|
|
RQ |
Research Question The question that the study is attempting to answer |
|
|
Dependent variable |
Health outcome of interest. The heart attack, or CVD or diabetes, or stress |
|
|
Independent variable |
Usually the RISK factor (are you active or inactive?) May be more than one. Could have multiple levels(how many minutes do you exercise?) Presumed to have some effect on the DV |
|
|
Research Design |
-How the research study is set up -affects how well it can't answer the research question - design approach depends on the question being asked - some designs are stronger than others, meaning they weren't a higher level of confidence that the outcomes are valid |
|
|
Research design includes |
Type of study design Methods of selecting participants Type of instruments used Types of statistics employed Approaches to data interpretation |
|
|
Characteristics of epidemiological research design |
-LARGE populations, not small groups or individuals -conclusions are based on comparisons (across different levels of the exposure variable or risk factor) |
|
|
Observational |
-Researcher does not alter what occurs. -observe and describe -simple observational vs etiological (origin) study designs |
|
|
Observational research design |
-Case report -Case Series - Cross-sectional study |
|
|
Case report |
Description of an individual with an unusual set of circumstances (not epidemiology research because of the small population) |
|
|
Case series |
Description of a series of unusual cases Also not epidemiological research because of the small population |
|
|
Cross-sectional |
Snapshot, one-time assessment of a group
may suggest associations between risk factors and outcomes, but they cannot determine causality |
|
|
Etiological observational research design |
*Cohort Longitudinal Prospective
-Population has to be free of health outcome at the start. -Grouped according to level of Rik factor (exposure) -Observed over time - Observations made about health outcome used to compare groups and evaluate association between risk factors and outcome. |
|
|
Etiological observational case control study |
Case-Control study -usually retrospective - grouped according to presence or absence of health outcome (disease) - investigate exposure to risk factors in a given period of time prior to diagnoses - observations used to compare groups and evaluate association between risk factor and outcome |
