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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the major cardivascular functions?
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-Oxygenating blood and carrying nutrients
-Hormone transport -Immune functions -Removal of CO2 and other wastes -Thermoregulation -Maintainence of pH and fluid balance in the body |
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What is the name of the tough membranous sac that encloses the heart?
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Pericardium
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What are the "two pumps" of the heart?
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Right (pulmonary) side- pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Left (systemic) side- pumps oxygenated blood to body tissues |
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What do you call the cardiac muscle?
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Myocardium
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Which of the four heart chambers is the most powerful?
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The left ventricle (because it has to generate enough force to pump blood throughout the entire body)
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What two parts of the nervous system control the heart?
How? |
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
SNS- releases epi and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla...increases rate of impulse generation (which increases HR and force of contraction) PNS- thru Vagus nerve, releases ACh to decrease HR and force of contraction |
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What is an ECG?
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Electrocardiogram
provides a graphical record of the electrical activity of the heart |
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What is special about cardiac muscle?
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it is capable of spontaneous rhythmicity and has its own conduction system
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What anatomical part establishes heart rate?
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The SA node
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What are the 5 types of cardiac arrhythmias?
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Bradycardia- HR lower than 60 bpm
Tachycardia- HR above 100 bpm Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)- skipped or extra beats from impulses originating outside the SA node Ventricular tachycardia- three or more consecutive PVCs Ventricular fibrillation- contraction of the ventricles is uncoordinated and can result in cardiac death |
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What is the cardiac cycle? Describe the two phases.
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The mechanical and electrical events that occurs in one heartbeat (systole to systole)
-Systolic is the contraction phase -Diastole is the relaxation phase |
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What is Stroke Volume?
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Volume of blood pumped per contraction
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What is cardiac output?
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Total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute
Q=HR X SV |
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How does blood flow change?
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Blood flows from an area of high pressure to one of lower pressure.
Blood flow= change in pressure/resistance (resistance has more effect) |
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What is vasoconstriction?
Vasodilation? |
Vasoconstriction- radius of vessel decreases, blood flow decreases
Vasodilation- radius increases, blood flow increases |
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What is EDV? ESV?
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EDV= End diastolic volume, vol of blood in ventricle just BEFORE contraction
ESV=vol of blood in ventricle just AFTER contraction |
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What is preload?
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Higher preload=higher EDV
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What is afterload?
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Higher afterload= higher ESV
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What is contractility?
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?
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How does the nervous system control blood pressure?
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The autonomic nervous system uses:
Baroreceptors-stretch receptors in the arteries Chemoreceptors- sense chemical changes Mechanoreceptors- sense changes in muscle length and tension |
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How do body tissues adjust blood flow to their needs?
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Locally release chemicals which cause vasodilation
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How is blood returned to the heart?
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through veins, assisted by
valves, the muscle pump, and respiratory pump |
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What is hematocrit?
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Ratio of formed elements (red and white blood vessels, platelets) to total blood volume
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What is the composition of blood?
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60% plasma
40% formed elements |
