Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Tectonic Earthquakes
|
caused by the stresses put on the plates (colliding, pulled apart, etc.) most common
|
|
|
Volcanic Earthquakes
|
as magma moves from the ground the rocks around it vibrate most common
|
|
|
Collapse Earthquakes
|
caves, landslides -> large blocks of rock moving create seismic activity
|
|
|
Explosion Earthquakes
|
Nuclear detonations, fuel plant explosions
|
|
|
Focus
|
where the earthquake originates on the fault
|
|
|
Wave Front
|
where the seismic waves have yet to reach
|
|
|
Epicenter
|
the focus projected onto a surface map
|
|
|
Ray Path
|
vector of one of the directions the wave travelled
|
|
|
Body Waves
|
move through the interior of the earth
|
|
|
Surface Waves
|
move along the surface of the earth
|
|
|
Body vs. Surface Waves
|
of the three types of earthquake waves, two travel though the interior of the planet and one travels along the surface
|
|
|
Shear Wave
|
- particle move up/down or left/right (can be surface or body waves) (string)
- shear body wave - Rayleigh Wave = R-wave - Love Wave = L-wave |
|
|
Shear Body Wave
|
secondary wave (s-wave), second highest speed
|
|
|
Compressional Wave
|
- particle move back and forth parallel to the direction of wave motion (slinky), move faster than shear waves
- Compressional Body Wave |
|
|
Body Waves
|
- Shear Body Waves
- Compressional Body Waves |
|
|
Surface Waves
|
- expressed at the surface and dies down with depth, slowest of all earthquake waves, cause the most damage (ground moves up and down, side to side)
- Rayleigh Wave = R-wave - Love Wave = L-wave |
|
|
Seismometer
|
measures earthquakes, recording called a seismogram
|
|
|
Mercalli Intensity Scale
|
defines the intensity of an earthquake by the amount of damage it causes. Intensity ranges fro I to XII, somewhat subjective because number depends on damage, varies with distance. Measure of relative strength perceived and felt
|
|
|
Richter Magnitude Scale
|
- measures the relative amount of energy releases by determining the amplitude of the largest ground motion
- The limit of the Richter Scale is technically 0 to infinity but the scale become less and less precise past 8.9 - An increase of one unit of magnitude equals about 33 times more energy - So a magnitude 8 earthquake does not release twice as much energy as a magnitude 4 quake but 1 million times as much |
|
|
Modern Moment Magnitude Scale
|
- measures the total energy released by a quake more precisely than the historical richter scale
- Can precisely measure very large earthquakes including >8.9 - Calculation of energy in part includes: - Length of the fault rupture - Area of rupture surface |
|
|
Hazards
|
- Ground Shaking
- Landslides - Liquefaction - Fire - Disease |
|
|
Liquefaction
|
- ground vibration cause water-logged soils and clayey sediments to become a slurry of mud and water
- Sandblows (sand volcanoes): water rushes to the surface, water can be boiling |
|
|
Disease
|
disruption of infrastructure, lack of sanitation, food and water can quickly lead to outbreaks of disease
|
