Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
List the source to effect model
|
source, fate and transport, exposure, dose response, effect
|
|
|
List the role of federal agencies in relation to the source to effect model
|
USGS starts as source and does fate and transport as well, the EPA does everything, the FDA begins at exposure but may track backward
|
|
|
Explain how a chemical risk assessment is performed
|
1. Hazard identification which includes environmental data and sometimes human data. Then exposure assessment which uses human data and Simultaneously a dose response assessment which uses human and animal data. Finally the risk is characterized and PH impact is estimated
|
|
|
How is a microbial risk assessment performed?
|
begins with problem formulation including env and human data, then it goes to an analysis where they characterize the exposure and the ecological effects, finally risk characterization
|
|
|
List the steps of the urban water cycle
|
Drinking water: sources, treatment, distribution
Wastewater: treatment, discharge Rec use |
|
|
How many people lack sufficient access to safe drinking water?
|
20% of the world. 1.1 billion people
25% pf people live on coasts 30% live in water stressed nations |
|
|
What is MDG 7?
|
have half the population have sustainable access by 2015
|
|
|
What is an aquifer?
|
geologic material porous enough to hold and convey water
|
|
|
What is the zone of aeration?
|
area below the zone where two way transfer can occur
|
|
|
What is the recharge area?
|
area through which water falls into the aquifer....can be contaminated by waste on the surface
|
|
|
What is ground water
|
water in the saturation zone, are fully filled by water and can move in any direction
|
|
|
What type of drinking water system serves the majority of the US population?
|
public-community systems serve over 90% of the population, there are about 55,000 systems
|
|
|
When refering to non community public water sources, what is non transient?
|
works over 60 days a year, over 25 peopls, over 15 connections
|
|
|
What are sources of drinking water?
|
groundwater, water tables. There is also surface water.
Groundwater from water tables has use and recharge problems as well as problems from contaminants and leachate, surface water is subject to urban and industrial runoff and climatic impacts and CAFOs |
|
|
Threats to surface water include...5
|
microbial pathogens, inorganic contaminants, organic chemical contaminants, radioactive compounds, pesticides and herbicides
|
|
|
What is an example of a microbial threat?
|
bacteria, virus, helminth, cryptosporidium. caused by leaking septic tanks, CAFOs and wildlife, wastewater treatment leaks
|
|
|
What are inorganic contaminants that threaten source water?
|
salts, minerals, nutrients, such as urban runoff, industrial waste, oil production, mining, farming, asbestos
|
|
|
what organic chemical contaminants threaten source water and how?
|
synthetic, volatile organics. they are the by producst of industrial processes, petroleum production, urban runoff, septic systems, dry cleaning , hazardous waste. Chlorinated solvens: TCE breakdown products: PCE and TCA
|
|
|
explain fate and transport of drinking water
|
wells get groundwater, and surface water is taken from resevoirs, travel down long pipes. It is used in agro, homes, mining, manufacture, and bottled water
|
|
|
Which methods do and do not remove crypto or giardia (microbials)
|
Chlorination does NOT, UV and 03 do
|
|
|
Describe the general process of water treatment
|
settle out (gravity)
add aluminum for coagulation and flocculation sedimentation (gravity) filtration (sand, carbon) disinfection (chlorine, chloramine, 03, ultraviolet) add FL, store, remove salts, nitrates, chemicals, distribute |
|
|
What's bad about water distribution
|
there are THMS which can cause bladder cancer and birth defects and low birth weight as residual by products
|
|
|
What are the top 5 causes of dw outbreaks?
|
giardia, shigella, norovirus, hep A, copper
|
|
|
What branch of the CDC do you report drinking water outbreaks to?
|
Water disease and outbreak surveillance system and the national outbreak reporting system
|
|
|
What are the EPAs federal lawas regarding drinking water?
|
Clean Water Act, Pollution Prevention Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, CERCLA
|
|
|
What is the FDAs law regarding drinking water?
|
Federal food drug and cosmetic act
they regulate bottled water |
|
|
What is the CDCs Law
|
PHSA: put the surgeon general in charge, collect data do investigations created the PSA
|
|
|
What is the Safe Drinking Water ACt?
|
watershed protection, pipe composition, monitoring quality, health based standards, they are concerned with arsenic, lead, copper, pathogens and disinfection by products like DBPs and THMs
|
|
|
What are sources of Waste Water?
|
publicly owned systems which includes combined sewer systems, sanitary sewer overflows, and storm water. There are also septic and community systems which are expensive and sometimes forgotten
|
|
|
Describe the process of a publicly owned treatment work
|
Primary: mechanical, screening and settling and sludge to landfill
Secondary: biological, trickling filter or bacterial primer and mix...digesting area for sludge/biosolids |
|
|
what are biosolids
|
after the secondary process of wastewater treatment, you have this sludge which is treated with the residuals of the process spread on land, landfilled, or burned
|
|
|
What are the EPAs laws regarding wastewater?
|
Clean Water Act which sets standards for 150 pollutants and the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System. They handle bacterial quality, handling of sludge, and water discharge
|
|
|
Top 5 causes of Recreational Water OUtbreak
|
pseudonomas, cryptos, shigella, legionella, noroviruses
|
|
|
What do all outbreaks depend on?
|
detection, investigation, reporting
|
|
|
EPA law regarding recreational water?
|
BEACH act of 2000
also the NOAA made the coastal zone monitoring act in 1972 |
|
|
What percentage of 1.7m child deaths caused by diarrhea are preventable
|
90%
|
|
|
How many people globally lack access to safe water?
|
1.1b, 1/5 in developing countries
|
|
|
How many people lack access to hygienic sanitation facilities?
|
2.6b, almost half the total pop in developing countries
|
|
|
Where in the world is open defecation the biggest problem
|
India, decreasing globally and increasing in urban areas
|
|
|
What are 3 essential and complimentary elements to hygiene improvement?
|
Access to hardware (comm. water systems, sanitation facilities, household technology)
Hygiene Promotion Enabling environments |
|
|
List globally recognized hygiene behaviors for diarrhea prevention
|
keep food from contamination, handwash, hygienic disposal of feces, and safe water handle, transport and storage
|
|
|
When do you wash hands?
|
before eating/feeding, after pooping/cleaning poop, before cooking,
|
|
|
Explain the F-Diagram of Diarrhea Primary Prevention
|
Starts with Feces which then transmits via fields, flies, food, fingers to food and then a new host
|
|
|
Where in the F Diagram to water quality interventions go
|
such as household water treatment and safe storage remove contaminants from drinking water before reaching the host so FLUIDS AND FIELDS
|
|
|
Where in F diagram to water quantity interventions go
|
allows for food washing, and hand washing and surface washing so fields, flies, fingers
|
|
|
Key Interventions reduce diarrhea by how much?
|
21-50%
POU water treatment: 30-50 Safe Store: 21% Hands: 43 Sanitation 30? |
|
|
What are the different household water treatment options
|
chlorination, filtration, solar disinfection, pathogens, boiling
|
|
|
What is the CDCs recommended safe water system?
|
Chlorine, safe water store and handle, hygiene edu
|
|
|
What is sanitation
|
safe removal of human feces not necessarily constructed and not solid waste management
|
|
|
Define and differentiate garbage, trash, refuse, rubbish
|
garbage: wet, trash: dry, refuse: wet and dry, rubbish all refuse plus C and D debris
|
|
|
What is CERCLA
|
comprehensive emergency response, compensation, and liability act...aka superfund...adminsitered by EPA
|
|
|
What is a capacitator
|
passive electronic component that stores energy, uses an insulating non conducting material called a a dielectric which used to be all PCBs before 1980 which is why the hudson bay is fucked
|
|
|
WHAT is the NPL
|
the national priorities list, the EPAs list of high priority waste sites, established by CERCLA. It is estimated to cost $140m to clean each of the largest superfunds and there are 150 megasites and 60 are currently partially or wholly funded by congress
|
|
|
What does the Superfund Clean?
|
Uncontrolled hazardous waste sites (abandoned and inactive) using the NPL
|
|
|
How does CERCLA achieve its purpose?
|
established the haz subst. superfund, usually polluter pays, often not the case, so they made a trust fund in congress from a tax on crude oil and certain chemicals and a corportate tax
|
|
|
Who runs superfund?
|
EPAs Office of Solid Waste And EMergency response does short term things Office of superfund remediation and tech, does long term and fed facilities and resuse does fed facilities
|
|
|
What is Title 3 of SARA
|
Emergency Planning and COmmunity RIght to KNow act...public dissemination about the nature and identity of chemicals used at commercial facilities
|
|
|
What is RCRA
|
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, formely solid waste disposal act.
requires hazardous waste to be properly manged in the first instance, minimize generation of waste be encouraging substitution, promotes construction and application of solid waste management and resource conservation |
|
|
What is Solid Waste?
|
garbage, refuse, sludge, liquid, solid, sludge, gas
|
|
|
What is Non Hazardous Waste
|
municipal solid waste, industrial waste, medical waste, construction and demolition, special waste
|
|
|
What is MSW?
|
non haz, every day items, containers packaging nondurable goods, approx 4.4lbs of waste per day per US capita
|
|
|
What are some commonly found things in a landfill that leach into groundwater?
|
lead from batteries, acetone from paint thinners, cadmium from paint pigment and plastic
|
|
|
What is hazardous waste?
|
a solid waste which because of its quant, conc, or physical, chem, or infectious characteristics may contribute to mortality or irrevresible illness or pose substantial human health threat when improperly managed
|
|
|
What does "cradle to grave" authority refer to
|
RCRA gives EPA authority to control hazardous waste from generation, transport, treatment, storage, and disposal
|
|
|
What is the Polln Prevention Act of 1990?
|
prevent or reduce at the source. DOES NOT include recycling, energy recovery and disposal. DOES include good housekeeping, in process recycling, substitution, process changes, waste segregation
|
|
|
What constitutes the built environment?
|
buildings, land use, zoning, public resources, transport
|
|
|
What is the burden of foodborne illness in the US
|
76m illness, 5k deaths per year. E.Coli is number 1
|
|
|
Describe infection vs. intoxication
|
salmonella, E.Coli, and Listeria in food which cause infection. Staph and botulism produce a toxin as a by product of growth and multiplication in food and cause food intoxication. Salmonella and campylobacteria are the most common sources of foodbourne disease
|
|
|
Campylobacteria
|
one of the most common sources of foodbourne illness. caused by consuming food or water contaminated with the bacteria. found in the intestine of animals and in untreated surface water. raw and uncooked food and unchlorinated water are the most common sources of human infection
|
|
|
Where does campylobacteria grow best and how is best reduced
|
grows best in a reduced oxygen environment, easily killed by heat, inhibited by acid, salt, drying, wont grow if cold. pasteurize milk and cook food
|
|
|
Salmonella
|
bacteria spread through contact with intestine or feces. easily destroyed by heat and doesnt grow at in cold
|
|
|
List federal food regulatory agencies
|
FDA, USDA, EPA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Bureau of Alcohol, TObacco, and Firearms, Customs, Federal Trade Commission, DHS
|
|
|
What is Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
|
systematic appraoch to food safety through prevention rather than inspection of final product. origins in systems analysis in NASA.
|
|
|
Food Safety Advice from the CDC
|
clean wash hands and surfaces, Separate (dont cross contaminate)
Cook, Chill |
|
|
Phthalates in Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) toys
|
used as a softening agent to impart flexibility. most commonly used in toys is DINP and leaching is expected
|
|
|
What is the CPSC Consumer Product Safety Act 1972 has four tasks:
|
protect the public against "unreasonable risks of injuries and deaths associated with consumer products"
2. assists in evaluating the comparative safety of consumer products 3. develop uniform safety standards for consumer products 4. promote research and investigation |
|
|
When can the Consumer Product Safety Commission ban a product?
|
when no feasible standard would adequately protect the public
|
|
|
Migration-get rate
|
for portion of product in child's mouth. measures transfer from product to artificial saliva within 6 hours of impaction to simulate chewing. no strong correlation of migration rate and DINP content
|
|
|
Mouthing activity-get time
|
children have PVC toy in mouth, estimated from dutch study, observations of children ages 3-26 months.
|
|
|
How do you calculate Daily Exposure?
|
Migration rate by impaction method X
ratio of migration from humans to impaction X duration of mouthing (min/day) alllllll DIVIDED BY/ 60 X body weight in kG MRD/60BW |
|
|
What is an Acceptable Daily Intake?
|
a level at which we would expect humans not to experience harmful effects. Derived by adjusting NOAEL from animal studies
|
|
|
FDAs mission
|
to promote PH by reviewing clinical research and taking appropriate action on the marketing of regulated products in a timely manner
|
|
|
Characteristics of regulated products
|
safe, efficacious, accurately represented, in compliance with laws
|
|
|
What does the FDA have regulation over
|
biologics, foods, cosmetics, human drugs, animal drugs, medical devices/radiological health
|
|
|
What is the FDAs budget?
|
$2b budget, regulates $1.5 t worth of products or about 1/4 of US economy
|
|
|
What is the CPSC Consumer Product Safety Act 1972 has four tasks:
|
protect the public against "unreasonable risks of injuries and deaths associated with consumer products"
2. assists in evaluating the comparative safety of consumer products 3. develop uniform safety standards for consumer products 4. promote research and investigation |
|
|
When can the Consumer Product Safety Commission ban a product?
|
when no feasible standard would adequately protect the public
|
|
|
Migration-get rate
|
for portion of product in child's mouth. measures transfer from product to artificial saliva within 6 hours of impaction to simulate chewing. no strong correlation of migration rate and DINP content
|
|
|
Mouthing activity-get time
|
children have PVC toy in mouth, estimated from dutch study, observations of children ages 3-26 months.
|
|
|
How do you calculate Daily Exposure?
|
Migration rate by impaction method X
ratio of migration from humans to impaction X duration of mouthing (min/day) alllllll DIVIDED BY/ 60 X body weight in kG MRD/60BW |
|
|
What is an Acceptable Daily Intake?
|
a level at which we would expect humans not to experience harmful effects. Derived by adjusting NOAEL from animal studies
|
|
|
FDAs mission
|
to promote PH by reviewing clinical research and taking appropriate action on the marketing of regulated products in a timely manner
|
|
|
What constitutes the built environment?
|
buildings, land use, zoning, public resources, transport
|
|
|
Characteristics of regulated products
|
safe, efficacious, accurately represented, in compliance with laws
|
|
|
What is the burden of foodborne illness in the US
|
76m illness, 5k deaths per year. E.Coli is number 1
|
|
|
What does the FDA have regulation over
|
biologics, foods, cosmetics, human drugs, animal drugs, medical devices/radiological health
|
|
|
Describe infection vs. intoxication
|
salmonella, E.Coli, and Listeria in food which cause infection. Staph and botulism produce a toxin as a by product of growth and multiplication in food and cause food intoxication. Salmonella and campylobacteria are the most common sources of foodbourne disease
|
|
|
What is the FDAs budget?
|
$2b budget, regulates $1.5 t worth of products or about 1/4 of US economy
|
|
|
Campylobacteria
|
one of the most common sources of foodbourne illness. caused by consuming food or water contaminated with the bacteria. found in the intestine of animals and in untreated surface water. raw and uncooked food and unchlorinated water are the most common sources of human infection
|
|
|
Where does campylobacteria grow best and how is best reduced
|
grows best in a reduced oxygen environment, easily killed by heat, inhibited by acid, salt, drying, wont grow if cold. pasteurize milk and cook food
|
|
|
Salmonella
|
bacteria spread through contact with intestine or feces. easily destroyed by heat and doesnt grow at in cold
|
|
|
List federal food regulatory agencies
|
FDA, USDA, EPA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Bureau of Alcohol, TObacco, and Firearms, Customs, Federal Trade Commission, DHS
|
|
|
What is Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
|
systematic appraoch to food safety through prevention rather than inspection of final product. origins in systems analysis in NASA.
|
|
|
Food Safety Advice from the CDC
|
clean wash hands and surfaces, Separate (dont cross contaminate)
Cook, Chill |
|
|
Phthalates in Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) toys
|
used as a softening agent to impart flexibility. most commonly used in toys is DINP and leaching is expected
|
|
|
Who runs superfund?
|
EPAs Office of Solid Waste And EMergency response does short term things Office of superfund remediation and tech, does long term and fed facilities and resuse does fed facilities
|
|
|
What is Title 3 of SARA
|
Emergency Planning and COmmunity RIght to KNow act...public dissemination about the nature and identity of chemicals used at commercial facilities
|
|
|
What is RCRA
|
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, formely solid waste disposal act.
requires hazardous waste to be properly manged in the first instance, minimize generation of waste be encouraging substitution, promotes construction and application of solid waste management and resource conservation |
|
|
What is Solid Waste?
|
garbage, refuse, sludge, liquid, solid, sludge, gas
|
|
|
What is Non Hazardous Waste
|
municipal solid waste, industrial waste, medical waste, construction and demolition, special waste
|
|
|
What is MSW?
|
non haz, every day items, containers packaging nondurable goods, approx 4.4lbs of waste per day per US capita
|
|
|
What are some commonly found things in a landfill that leach into groundwater?
|
lead from batteries, acetone from paint thinners, cadmium from paint pigment and plastic
|
|
|
What is hazardous waste?
|
a solid waste which because of its quant, conc, or physical, chem, or infectious characteristics may contribute to mortality or irrevresible illness or pose substantial human health threat when improperly managed
|
|
|
What does "cradle to grave" authority refer to
|
RCRA gives EPA authority to control hazardous waste from generation, transport, treatment, storage, and disposal
|
|
|
What is the Polln Prevention Act of 1990?
|
prevent or reduce at the source. DOES NOT include recycling, energy recovery and disposal. DOES include good housekeeping, in process recycling, substitution, process changes, waste segregation
|
