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163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Of what living unit are living things composed?
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cells
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What 4 major organic compounds make up cells?
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carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
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one-celled
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unicellular
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many-celled
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multicellular
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reproduction with 1 parent and 1 set of DNA
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asexual
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reproduction with 2 parents and 2 sets of DNA
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sexual
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What is the big advantage of asexual reproduction
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many organisms produced quickly
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What is the big advantage of sexual reproduction?
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variety
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the sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism
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metabolism
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the half of metabolism that builds
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anabolic
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the half of metabolism that breaks down
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catabolic
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change in species over time
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evolution
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a trait that helps an organism survive
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adaptation
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a mistake in the DNA - can cause variation
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mutation
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the genetic code
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DNA
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a body's constant internal environment
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homeostasis
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How does a human maintain temperature homeostasis?
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too hot - sweat
too cold - shiver and goosebumps |
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when a cell develops a specific job (2 terms)
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cell specialization
cell differentiation |
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For what are red blood cells specialized?
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carrying oxygen
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For what are white blood cells specialized?
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fighting infection
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For what are muscle cells specialized?
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movement (contraction)
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a group of cells working together
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tissue
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a group of tissues working together
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organ
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a group of organs working together
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organ system
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What organic compound is the preferred energy source?
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carbs
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What organic compound is the genetic code
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nucleic acids
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What organic compound is the structure of your body
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protein
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What organic compound is stored energy, insulation and a barrier
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lipids
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What are lipids
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fats, waxes and oils
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What are carbs?
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sugars and starches
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What are examples of nucleic acids?
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DNA and RNA
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What is a fertilized egg?
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zygote
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How many chromosomes do humans have?
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46
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Where do animals get their genetic code?
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1/2 from mom
1/2 from dad |
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What cell part contains the nucleic acids?
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nucleus
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What cell part makes usable energy?
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mitochondrion
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What cell part does photosynthesis
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chloroplast
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What cell part stores water and other materials
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vacuole
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What is the term for usable energy in a cell?
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ATP
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By what process is usable energy (ATP) made?
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respiration
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What are the two types of respiration?
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aerobic and anaerobic
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How is aerobic respiration more efficient
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more energy
less waste |
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What is the waste product made by anaerobic respiration
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lactic acid
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What organelle makes proteins
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ribosomes
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What organelle makes sugar
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chloroplast
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what is the term for the movement of materials in and out of a cell?
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transport
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Why is transport through a cell membrane selective?
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let food water and other needed things in and wastes out without losing cell contents
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What are the two types of transport, and what is the difference?
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active - uses energy to go against gradient
passive - no energy to follow gradient |
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Give two examples of passive transport
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diffusion
osmosis |
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Give two examples of active transport
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ion pumps
endocytosis exocytosis |
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the ability to do work
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energy
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What waste is produced by anaerobic respiration?
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lactic acid
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What does lactic acid do to muscles
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makes them tired and sore
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What chemicals and energy are involved in photosynthesis?
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in - CO2 and water
out - C6H12O6 and O2 energy - sunlight |
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What chemicals and energy are involved in respiration?
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out - CO2 and water
in - C6H12O6 and O2 energy - ATP product |
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Give some examples of energy ATP can be converted into by your body.
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mechanical energy - locomotion
thermal energy – heat sound energy - vibrations |
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division of the nucleus making two identical daughter nuclei
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mitosis
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division of the nucleus producing 4 unique haploid cells
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meiosis
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What are gametes
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sex cells - egg and sperm
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Are gametes diploid or haploid? What does this mean?
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haploid - half the chromosomes - 1 of each type
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What human cells can not divide?
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brain and heart
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How are viruses like living cells? How are they different?
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can reproduce
no cytoplasm or metabolism |
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What type of organisms are our most important decomposers?
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bacteria and fungi
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What organisms typically cause disease
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bacteria, protists
and fungi |
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Whose chromosomes, the father's or mother's determines the sex of the offspring? Explain
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father - has X or Y
mother only has X |
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In what type of cells does respiration occur?
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all cells
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What cell structure controls the movement of materials in and out of cells?
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cell membrane
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a weakened form of a virus used to defer immunity from the virus
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vaccine
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a chemical that kills cells
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antibiotic
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Why don't antibiotics work on viruses?
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not living cells
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What cells are created by mitosis?
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all except egg and sperm
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What cells are produced by meiosis?
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gametes - egg and sperm
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When yeast (fungi) undergo anaerobic respiration, what is it called, and what might be a byproduct?
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fermentation - alcohol
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Why are some antibiotics not effective anymore?
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have been used incorrectly and organisms are developing a resistance to them
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Why do germs develop resistance more quickly?
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shorter life span and faster reproduction
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maturing to achieve adult form
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development
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an organism that eats plants
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herbivore
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an organism that eats meat
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carnivore
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an organism that eats plants and meat
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omnivore
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when two organisms live together in a close association
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symbiosis
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Name and describe the three types of symbiosis.
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mutualism - both benefit
commensalism - 1 benefits and other unaffected parasitism - 1 is harmed |
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a piece of DNA that codes for a trait
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gene
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a gene that hides another gene
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dominant
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a gene that is hidden
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recessive
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a box used to predict the possible outcomes of a cross
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Punnett square
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a piece of DNA that contains genes
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chromosome
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what chromosomes code for a human female?
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XX
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what chromosomes code for a human male?
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XY
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a trace of a living thing
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fossil
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how matter is used over and over
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biogeochemical cycle
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where an organism lives
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habitat
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the role an organism plays in its habitat
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niche
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no two organisms can occupy the same what
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niche
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all the members of one species in an area
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population
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steady population growth
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exponential
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When a new organism is added to an area, what allows them to grow out of control?
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no natural predators
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what keeps a population in check?
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limiting factors
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Name the two types of limiting factors?
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density-dependent and density-independent
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the maximum size a population can achieve
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carrying capacity
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What is the number one cause of extinction?
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habitat destruction
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cells with no nucleus
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prokaryotes
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cells with a nucleus
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eukaryotes
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What is an example of a prokaryote?
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bacteria
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Give an example of a eukaryote?
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protists, fungi, plants and animals
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What type of organism starts most food chains?
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plant, some bacteria, some protists
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an organism that makes its own food
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producer - autotroph
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an organism that can't make its own food
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consumer - heterotroph
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TT and tt in genetics are homozygous or heterozygous?
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homozygous
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Tt in genetics is homozygous or heterozygous?
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heterozygous
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Phenotype refers to an organism's what?
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appearance
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Genotype refers to an organism's what?
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genes (letters)
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What happens during and after embryonic development?
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cells increase in number and differentiate, becoming specialized in structure and function
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Name factors that may affect the differentiation of cells and the development of an organism.
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chemical signals
temperature |
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What are the fundamental units of structure and function of living organisms?
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cells
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What cell structure found in plant cells, bacteria and fungi gives the cell structure and support?
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cell wall
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What cell structure found in all cells controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell?
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cell membrane
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What is the jellylike material outside the nucleus (includes organelles)?
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cytoplasm
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What is the control center of a cell, contains the genetic information (nucleic acids)?
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nucleus
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Are mitochondria found in plant cells? animal cells? bacterial cells?
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plants - yes
animals - yes bacteria - no - prokaryotes |
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Are chloroplasts found in plant cells? animal cells? bacterial cells?
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plants - yes
animals - no bacteria - no - prokaryotes |
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What do chloroplasts do?
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photosynthesis - make glucose (sugar or food) and oxygen
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What do mitochondria do?
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make ATP (usable energy)
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What organelles make proteins?
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ribosomes
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What is a large storage space in a cell?
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vacuole
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a major group of living things with similarities
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taxon (taxa - plural)
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How and why does the classification of any taxon might change as more is learned about the organisms assigned to that taxon?
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platypus lays eggs - is it a bird?
It also has hair and feeds its yound milk so it is a mammal. |
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Why do the mitochondria and chloroplast both have numerous membranes inside them?
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large surface area for reactions to occur
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What do mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common?
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Both are involved in energy production and use.
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Explain the interactions that occur between organelles (nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondrion, ribosome) as they carry out life processes.
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The DNA in the nucleus codes for proteins. The ribosomes build them. The cell membrane allows the materials needed to get into the cell and allows those materials out of the cell to be used. The mitochondria provides the necessary energy for the processes.
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How are photosynthesis and respiration related?
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The reactants of photosynthesis anre the products of respiration and vice versa.
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What does photosynthesis take in?
What does respiration give off? |
CO2, water and light
CO2 and water |
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What is ATP made up of, and where is the energy stored?
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adenine and three phosphates - in the phosphate bonds
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How is energy released from ATP?
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break a phosphate off - releases energy from bond
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Which has more energy, simple sugars (glucose) or complex sugars (starch)? Explain.
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starch - more bonds to break
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Why is energy needed in the synthesis of organic compounds?
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to build bonds
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Why is energy released in the decomposition of large organic compounds?
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bonds are broken
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How do enzymes affect chemical reactions?
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They are catalysts that cause reactions to proceed at lower activation energy.
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What happens when your body is missing a necessary enzyme?
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can't do a specific function like break down a certain type of food - that food might accumulate and cause problems (Lorenzo)
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How does the DNA code work?
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The nitrogen bases (A,T,G, and C) are the code. It takes 3 bases to code for 1 amino acid.
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How does the concentration of a solute affect its movement across a selectively permeable membrane?
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The solute typically goes from high to low concentration without any input of energy. With energy input it can go the other way.
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How does particle size affect the transport of materials across a selectively permeable membrane?
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smaller particles move more easily
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How does temperature affect the movement of particles across a selectively permeable membrane?
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warmer temperature makes particles move more quickly - kinetic theory
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How is water concentration and osmosis essential to cell shape?
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water moves toward the higher salt concentration. SALT SUCKS. If too much water goes into a cell, it can burst. If too much water goes out, it can collapse.
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How does water affect the temperature of living organisms?
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Water doesn't change temperature easily? Cells are mostly water.
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If the DNA of two organisms is similar, what does this indicate?
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closely related
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How are mutations passed on to other cells?
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The DNA is replicated, mistakes and all so once a mutation is there, it stays and ends up in other cells.
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What are some factors that can mutate DNA or damage proteins?
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heat, radiation, certain chemicals
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A cell with 20 chromosomes divides 2 times by mitosis, how many chromosomes are in the final daughter cells?
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20 - mitosis makes exact copies
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A cell with 20 chromosomes divides by meiosis, how many chromosomes are in the daughter cells?
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10 - meiosis makes haploid gametes
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How is the original chromosome number restored by fertilization?
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haploid + haploid = diploid
humans - 23+23=46 |
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having two identical alleles, TT or tt
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homozygous
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having two different alleles, Tt
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heterozygous
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Using what you know about Mendel, if a plant is Tt for plant height, what will be the phenotype?
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tall - dominant
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Why don't sex-linked traits show up as often in females?
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Females have 2 X chromosomes - 1 might have a good gene that dominates over the bad gene
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What makes the Earth suitable for life in our solar system?
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ideal distance from sun for water and warmth, atmosphere
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What determines the type of soil in an area, and why is soil type important?
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decaying organisms provide nutrients, bedrock breaks down to provide minerals - type of soil determines what plants can grow - plants determine animals
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How does the number of predators and prey affect one another?
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predators limit prey population size by eating them. Without prey, no food means predators die.
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according to competitive exclusion, no two organisms can occupy the same what? Explain why this is true.
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niche - compete and eventually only one survives
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What do limiting factors establish?
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carrying capacity
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WHat does a natural disaster do to the carrying capacity of an ecosystem?
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lowers it meaning that it won't support as much life
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What is a problem with having a smaller gene pool?
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not as much genetic diversity - less variation of genes for survival in a changing environment
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survival of the fittest
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natural selection
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Why must there be more producers than consumers?
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Only 10% OF THE ENERGY IS PASSED ON TO THE NEXT STEP IN A FOOD CHAIN.
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