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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the idea that matter can't be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction
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Law of Conservation of Matter
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the idea that energy can't be created or destroyed
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Law of Conservation of Energy
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an increase in the size and/or number of cells in an organism results in what
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growth
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when cells get a specific job to do
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cell differentiation or cell specialization
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the series of changes an organism undergoes as it matures to its adult form
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embryonic development
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Name some of the stages in the embryonic development of an animal.
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egg - zygote - morula - blastula - gastrula
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the smallest living unit of an organism - All living things are made of what living unit?
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cells
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What two things do cells provide for living things?
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structure and function
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the selectively permeable barrier around a cell
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cell membrane
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a strong structural layer around some cells like plants, some bacteria and fungi - outside the membrane
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cell wall
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the control center of a cell containing the genetic material
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nucleus
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the genetic code is made of this chemical
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DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
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the chemical that reads the DNA and builds the proteins
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RNA - ribonucleic acid
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the organelle where photosynthesis occurs in plant cells
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chloroplast
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the primary pigment in a plant chloroplast - green
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chlorophyll
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the organelle in a cell where cellular respiration occurs
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mitochondrion
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the chemical reaction occurring in a chloroplast
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photosynthesis
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the chemical reaction in a mitochondrion
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cellular respiration
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the equation for photosynthesis
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carbon dioxide plus water in sunlight produces glucose (sugar/carbohydrate) plus oxygen
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the equation for cellular respiration
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glucose (sugar/carbohydrate) plus oxygen produces carbon dioxide plus water
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the cell organelle where protein synthesis occurs
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ribosome
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Of what chemical is a ribosome composed?
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ribosomal RNA
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Where are ribosomes made?
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nucleolus
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What codes for RNA?
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DNA
(DNA - RNA - protein) |
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a storage space in a cell
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vacuole
food vacuole - food water vacuole - water |
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a cell without a nuclear membrane or other membrane-bound organelles
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prokaryote
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a cell with a nuclear membrane and other membrane-bound cell parts like ER, Golgi...
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eukaryote
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What is the only type of living thing with prokaryote cells?
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bacteria
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What type of living things have eukaryotic cells?
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animals, plants, fungi, and protists
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Give some examples of specialized cells and their functions.
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red blood cells - carry oxygen
white blood cells - fight infection, nerve cells - send messages, muscle cells - contract to move you |
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the organelle in a cell that provides energy for cell processes
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mitochondrion
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Name three factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis.
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light intensity
availability of raw materials (CO2 and H2O) and temperature |
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How are the mitochondrion and chloroplast similar?
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both involve energy
both convert energy - chloroplasts produce carbohydrates (food energy) using energy from sunlight, and mitochondria release energy for use by the cell (ATP) |
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How are photosynthesis and respiration complementary processes?
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one uses the products of the other
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How are photosynthesis and respiration necessary for life on Earth?
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photosynthesis makes oxygen that many organisms breathe in to burn their food, and respiration produces CO2 needed by plants for photosynthesis
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Compare and contrast the structure and function of the cell wall and the cell membrane.
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cell wall - structure, plant cell walls are made of cellulose fibers
cell membrane - transport, made of a lipid bilayer, proteins, and carbohydrates |
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What cell parts, in order, are involved in producing proteins?
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nucleus, ribosomes, rough ER, Golgi apparatus
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usable energy for cell processes like active transport, DNA synthesis
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ATP
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Name the four major organic compounds and their functions.
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carbohydrates - burned to make ATP during cell respiration
lipids - stored energy, insulation, barrier in cell membranes proteins - structure and function of cells nucleic acids - genetic material |
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Where do living organisms (autotrophs and heterotrophs) get their energy?
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autotrophs - make organic compounds by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
heterotrophs - by eating other organisms and breaking down their organic compounds |
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organic catalysts in cells that allow chemical reactions to proceed at a lower activation energy
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enzymes
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What factors affect enzyme activity?
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temperature, pH, chemical concentrations
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What is a catalyst?
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a chemical that speeds up a reaction without being involved in the reaction, can be reused
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the movement of materials in and out of a cell
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cell transport
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the two major types of material transport in and out of a cell
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active and passive transport
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What are two differences between active and passive cell transport?
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active - uses energy, moves against the concentration gradient from low to high concentration
passive - doesn't use energy to move materials with the concentration gradient from high to low concentration |
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organic catalysts in cells that allow chemical reactions to proceed at a lower activation energy
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enzymes
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What factors affect enzyme activity?
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temperature, pH, chemical concentrations
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What is a catalyst?
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a chemical that speeds up a reaction without being involved in the reaction, can be reused
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doesn't use energy to move materials with the concentration gradient from high to low concentration
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passive transport
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uses energy, moves against the concentration gradient from low to high concentration
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active transport
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Name three examples of active transport.
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ion pumps (sodium-potassium pump)
endocytosis exocytosis |
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Name three examples of passive transport.
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diffusion
osmosis facilitated diffusion |
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Why is it important that cell membranes are selectively permeable?
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let in needed materials like nutrients and oxygen and let out wastes
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What is homeostasis, and how does the cell membrane help a cell maintain it?
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a constant internal environment - cell can take in materials it needs and get rid of wastes
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What happens when a cell can't maintain homeostasis?
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illness - ultimately death
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Name four factors that affect the rate of transport.
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temperature
size of molecules concentration gradient solubility |
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How can osmosis affect cell shape?
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water can flow in and make a cell swell and rupture, or water can flow out to make a cell shrink
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Toward what does water flow by osmosis?
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Water flows toward the higher solute concentration.
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What molecule makes up the biggest percentage of a living organism?
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water
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Give three reasons why water so important to living things.
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helps maintain body temperature
helps with chemical reactions helps maintain cell shape (osmosis) |
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reproduction with one parent and one set of DNA
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asexual reproduction
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Give two examples of asexual reproduction.
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binary fission in bacteria
budding |
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What is the advantage of asexual reproduction?
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can produce many offspring in a short time
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What type of environment would make asexual reproduction advantageous?
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stable good environment
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reproduction with two parents and two sets of DNA
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sexual reproduction
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What is the advantage of sexual reproduction?
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genetic diversity/options for survival
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What type of environment would make sexual reproduction advantageous?
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changing or poor environment
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Give two different examples of sexual reproduction.
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fertilization (egg + sperm = zygote)
pollination (pollen + ovule = seed) |
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when the DNA is copied exactly during the s phase of interphase
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DNA replication
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Why is the DNA replicated prior to cell division?
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so that each daughter cell would get a copy
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What are the two main stages of cell division, and what does each divide?
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mitosis - chromossomes and nucleus
cytokinesis - cytoplasm |
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What are the four stages of mitosis in order, and what major event happens in each phase?
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prophase - chromosomes form from chromatin
metaphase - chromosomes line up at equator anaphase - sister chromatids are pulled apart telophase - two daughter nuclei are formed |
