Enzymes/hormones

Front 1

salivary amylase

Back 1

salivary glands, mouth

hydrolyzes starch to maltose

Front 2

pancreatic amylase

Back 2

pancreas, small intestine

hydrolyzes starch to maltose

Front 3

maltase/sucrase/lactase

Back 3

intestinal glands, small intestine

hydrolyzes:
maltose to 2 glucose
sucrose to glucose + fructose
lactose to glucose + galactose

Front 4

gastric juice

Back 4

gastric glands, stomach

secretions of chief cells (pepsin) and parietal cells (HCl)

Front 5

pepsin

Back 5

gastric glands, stomach

hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds

Front 6

gastrin

Back 6

pyloric glands, stomach

released when food enters stomach, stimulates gastric glands to secrete more HCl and gastric juice, stimulates stomach muscle contractions to churn food

Front 7

secretin

Back 7

intestinal glands, small intestine

released by duodenum in response to acidic chyme, stimulates pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice (bicarbonate neutralizes acid)

Front 8

pancreatic juice

Back 8

pancreas, small intestine

alkaline fluid with bicarbonate that helps maintain small intestinal pH by acid neutralization to promote enzyme function, includes proteases and enzymes that digest lipids and carbohydrates

Front 9

cholecystokinin

Back 9

duodenum

secreted in response to chyme to stimulate pancreatic enzyme and bile release

Front 10

enterogastrone

Back 10

duodenum

secreted when chyme is very fatty to inhibit stomach peristalis so chyme is released more slowly to duodenum

Front 11

trypsin

Back 11

pancrease, small intestine

hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds, converts chymotrypsinogen to active chymotrypsin

Front 12

chymotrypsin

Back 12

pancreas, small intestine

hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds

Front 13

carboxypeptidase

Back 13

pancreas, small intestine

hydrolyzes terminal peptide bonds at carboxyl end

Front 14

amino peptidase

Back 14

intestinal glands, small intestine

hydrolyzes terminal peptide bond at amino end

Front 15

dipeptidases

Back 15

intestinal glands, small intestine

hydrolyzes pairs of amino acids

Front 16

enterokinase

Back 16

intestinal glands, small intestine

convert trypsinogen to trypsin

Front 17

bile

Back 17

liver, small intestine (gall bladder)

emulsifies fat

Front 18

lipase

Back 18

pancreas, small intestine

hydrolyzes lipids

Front 19

growth hormone

Back 19

anterior pituitary

stimulates bone, cartilage and muscle growth

Front 20

prolactin

Back 20

anterior pituitary

stimulates milk production and secretion

Front 21

adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH)

Back 21

anterior pituitary

stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids

Front 22

thyroid-stimulating hormone
(TSH)

Back 22

anterior pituitary

stimulates thyroid to produce thyroid hormones

Front 23

luteinizing hormone
(LH)

Back 23

anterior pituitary

stimulates ovulation in females; testosterone synthesis in males

Front 24

follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH)

Back 24

anterior pituitary

stimulates follicle maturation in females and estrogen secretion in ovaries, and assists in egg production by meiosis; spermatogenesis in males

Front 25

oxytocin

Back 25

hypothalamus (posterior pituitary)

stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk secretion during lactation

Front 26

aldosterone

Back 26

adrenal cortex

stimulates sodium reabsorption in collecting duct and potassium secretion (causes more water absorption and higher blood volume/pressure)

Front 27

renin-angiotensin

Back 27

kidneys produces renin in response to low blood volume to convert and activate angiotensin

angiotensin stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone (higher blood volume) and ADH from posterior pituitary

Front 28

human chorionic gonadotropin
(HCG)

Back 28

blastocyst, developing placenta

preserves corpus luteum for first trimester of pregnancy to allow estrogen/progesterone secretion to be maintained, maintains endometrial lining of uterus

Front 29

erythropoietin

Back 29

kidney

in response to decrease renal O2 levels, stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells

Front 30

vasopressin (ADH)

Back 30

hypothalamus (posterior pituitary)

stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys decrease urine volume

Front 31

thyroid hormone

Back 31

thryoid

stimulates metabolic activity, acts on reproductive, nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems to promote normal function, need iodine (thyroxine/triiodothyronine)

Front 32

calcitonin

Back 32

thyroid

decreases the blood calcium level in response to high blood calcium by influence on osteoblasts

Front 33

parathyroid hormone

Back 33

parathyroid

increases blood calcium level in response to low calcium in blood by activation of osteoclasts

Front 34

glucocorticoids

Back 34

adrenal cortex

increases blood glucose level (conversion of fats and proteins) and decreases protein synthesis, high levels inhibit inflammatory response (cortisol and cortisone), steroid

Front 35

mineralcorticoids

Back 35

adrenal cortex

increases sodium retention (and thus water) retention in the kidney and potassium excretion, steroid (aldosterone)

Front 36

epinephrine/norepinephrin

Back 36

adrenal medulla

increases blood glucose level and heart rate, response to stress, cause fight-or-flight

Front 37

glucagon

Back 37

pancreas (alpha islet)

stimulates converstion of glycogen to glucose in the liver; increases blood glucose

Front 38

insulin

Back 38

pancreas (beta islet cells)

lowers blood glucose and increases storage of glycogen

Front 39

somatostatin

Back 39

pancreas

supresses secretion of glucagon and insulin

Front 40

testosterone

Back 40

testis

maintains male secondary sexual characteristics (androgen) and sperm production, steroid

Front 41

estrogen

Back 41

ovary/placenta

maintains female secondary sexual characteristics, follicle development, pregnancy

Front 42

progesterone

Back 42

ovary/progesterone

promotes growth/maintenance of endometrium, steroid

Front 43

melatonin

Back 43

pineal

unclear in humans (possibly influence on patterned behaviors like sleep, fertility, and aging)

Front 44

atrial natriuretic hormone

Back 44

heart

involved in osmoregulation, lower blood pressure

Front 45

thymosin

Back 45

thymus

stimulates T lymphocyte development

Front 46

endorphins

Back 46

anterior pituitary

act on nervous system to reduce the perception of pain

Front 47

gonadocorticoids

Back 47

adrenal cotex

secreted in small amounts (androgens and estrogens), steroids

Front 48

relaxin

Back 48

placenta

used to release ligaments attaching pubic bones to allow for more space during pregnancy