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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do low levels of Hb result in?
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weakness, pallor, DARK URINE, jaundice, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and DARK SPOTS on the RBC
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Anemia
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Decrease of Hb concentration below normal levels
Men: 14-18 Women: 12-16 Is a SYMPTOM not a disease |
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Hematocrit
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Simple but crude test for anemia
% of the volume of a blood sample occupied by cells <42% Men <37% Women |
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Sources of Anemia
Decreased production of erythrocytes |
Iron Deficiency: Inhibits heme production - 2 types
Microcytic: Small RBC Hypochromic: Pale RBC Folate or B12 Deficiency: Nucleotide synthesis inhibited which inhibits DNA synthesis so rather then cell divides becomes larger called Megoblastic (Pernicious) - Large RBC |
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Sources of Anemia
Increased loss or Destruction of erythrocytes |
From Bleeding, Immune hemolysis, PYRUVATE kinase or HEXOKINASE deficiency, Sickle Cell Anmeia, G6PD Deficiency
Last 4 ALL cause Hemolytic Anemia |
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Hemolytic Anemia
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Contents of RBC leak out, which causes the release of Hb
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When and how is damaged caused by hemolytic anemia?
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Heme is volatile in the body and albumin binds it. When the levels of heme are to high to be bound it can cause damage
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Symptoms of Hemolytic Anemia
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Weakness upon exertion - ATP under produced; low O2
Pallor: Especially in gum and nail beds Jaundice: Noticable in sclera of eyes due to bilirubin Unconjugated bilirubin will not be excreted in urine so results in dark urine |
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Pathway of Energy Metabolism in Human Erythrocyte
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Look in notes
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What may help determine the half-life of RBC
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Hexokinase
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What can you take to increase the store of blood?
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Adenosine
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Methemoglobin (MetHb)
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Adding an electron to O2 creates a superoxide or H2O2 which will oxidize iron to Fe3+ which cannot bind to O2 instead binds H2O
Pt. will look blue NADH and Cyto. Reductase reduce these compounds |
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What do some maleria drugs do?
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Make Hb into MetHb because of the higher rate of RBC turnover gets rid of the maleria
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Methemoglobinemia
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Cytochrome B5 Reductase Deficiency
Methemoglobin Reductase is dependent on NADH from Glycolytic Tyrosine is accompanied |
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Generation of Superoxide Ions
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Most come from ETC
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Neutralization of Superoxide
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Reduced to H2O2 by Superoxide Dismutase
H2O2 is then converted to water by either CATALASE or GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE which requires NADPH from PPP |
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Hexokinase Deficiency
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Glycolytic Pathway and PPP are SLOWED down
Decreased ATP, NADH & NADPH Unable to maintain ion pumps Chronic Hemolytic Anemia Treament: Splenectomy May determine the lifespan of RBC |
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Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency
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Prominent in the Amish b/c of intermarriage creates Homozygotes
Chronic Hemolytic, Jaundice, Pallor, Gall Stones, Weakness Parvovirus infection results |
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What are the main problems with Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency?
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Low ATP which affects membrane integrity and High Conc. of 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate
PPP and NADPH also affected but not as much as Glycolytic |
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G6PD Deficiency
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Can be acute or chronic hemolysis
Fave beans aggravate the disease Possible evolutionary in the body's fight against Maleria Heinz bodies produced Similar to Primaquine |
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Heinz Bodies
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Rigid aggregates of oxidized Hb
Oxidation of the disulfide bonds causes them to precipate out of RBC |
