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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Drivers of consumer culture |
Business interests (marketing and advertising) Institutions (govt, education, media) Spiritual + Intellectual values (therapeutic ethos), reconfiguration of space and class (Single family homes, suburbs, shopping malls) |
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Cultural Theory |
-Theoretical framework -Mary Douglas (anthropologist) -individual perceptions are reinforced by group social dynamics/ how one thinks society should be organized |
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Spatial fix |
-Moving the process of production or consumption to a new location -Allows capitalism to continue functioning, contributes to increasing inequality between places and people -Development is UNEVEN |
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Cause of food price spikes in 2008 |
-Food transformed into a concept with the Food Commodity Index (Wheat Futures) -Index divorced from real crops -Price of wheat was generating its own demand, the more it cost, the more investor's wanted to pay |
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Factors lowering fertility rates |
-Contraceptive availability + affordability -EDUCATION (young girls especially) -Employment opportunities -Economic security -access to "means of production" (land, financial capital, etc) |
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First contradiction of capitalism |
The tendency for capitalism to eventually undermine the economic conditions for its own perpetuation through overproduction of commodities, reduction of wages for would-be consumers, etc |
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Second contradiction of capitalism |
Tendency to eventually undermine the environmental conditions through degradation of natural resources or damage to the health of workers |
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Policy Tools |
Goal is to achieve desired environmental outcomes. From Connelly, Ch5 the policy principles are: Polluter Pays principle, Common but differentiated responsibility, and precautionary principle. The Five P’s are 1. Prescriptive Regulation 2. Property Rights 3. Penalties 4. Payments 5. Persuasion |
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Cultural Theory |
The way people think about risk is related to how society is organized |
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Political Economy |
Concerned with the interplay between politics, society and economics", Who makes/controls decisions, What are the constraints on decisions (resources, time), Who controls information. Political economy explains... How government affects scarce resource allocation through laws and policies, The ways in which the economic system, and the behavior of people acting on their economic interests, affects the form of government |
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Payments |
Use of subsidies to encourage beneficial behaviors Critics: Doesn't always benefit the environment + you pay twice (once for subsidy and once for cleanup of environmental degradation) |
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Penalties |
Taxes or Liability (Ex: Carbon Tax) |
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Market Response Model |
Markets-where parties engage in exchange; requires two parties; Sellers=have something to "supply" (s) such as goods, services, or labor; Buyers = have something they need or demand |
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Surplus Value |
In political economics (and marxist) thought, the value produced by underpaying labor or over-extracting from the environment, which is accumulated by owners and investors |
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Drivers of population growth |
1. High death rate among population or infant mortality rate; 2. population growth rate driven by declining death rate not increasing birth rate. 3. Families need help on farm incentivizes reproduction. |
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Persuasion (Education) |
Softer, reflexive laws requiring the production and distribution of information-Theory: If people know the harm they cause they wont do it. Critics say knowing doesn't change behavior it just makes us feel bad |
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Conditions of Production |
-Materials - In political economics (and marxist) thought, the material or environmental conditions required for a specific economy to function, which may include things as varied as water for use in an industrial process to the health of workers to the labor |
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Montreal Protocol |
Single most successful international agreement ( bc power of -public opinion, -private sector support, -Policy process - subdivided the complex problem into manageable components (e.g., reductions schedule, -First to use the precautionary principle (science-based policy making) and first to use common but differentiated responsibility; -Stringent reporting, trade, and binding chemical-phase out obligations; -Short-term economic costs to protect human health & the environment |
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Risk vs. Hazard |
Hazard causes harm, risk is how likely a hazard is to occur. Example of hazard: the curtains catching on fire because the candle was too close to them |
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Means of Production |
Natural capital and human labor employed in the production process; Machines equipment needed |
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Wicked Problem |
A complex problem with no clear defining objectives or solutions; Nearly impossible to discover core problem; Solutions aren't "true" or "false" but instead "good" or "bad". Wicked problems are not benign, tricky, and have unseen consequences. |
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Thomas Malthus |
Influential in the fields of political economy and demography; S aid that population grows exponentially and that food sources grow linearly; Hypothesized that human population would surpass Earth's food supply; Did not take agricultural technology into account thus his forecasts have proven incorrect |
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Paul Elhrich |
Wrote the population bomb; Believed human population growth and increased resource depletion was #1 environmental threat;Suggested that population control is a solution ; Really aiming at controlling population of color and communities from "underdeveloped countries" |
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Demographic transition |
A model of population change that predicts a decline in population death rates associated with modernization, followed by a decline in birth rates resulting from industrialization and urbanization; this creates a sigmoidal curve where population growth increases rapidly for a period, then levels off |
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Precautionary Principle |
Be pro-active rather than reactive in situations with potential or irreversible environmental harm. |
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IPAT |
Impact=Population x Affluence x Technology |
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Structure and Agency |
The structure versus agency debate may be understood as an issue of socialization against autonomy in determining whether an individual acts as a free agent or in a manner dictated by social structure -What structures are put in place by governing bodies and what is our ability to make individual choices? |
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Structural Adjustment |
-lowered trade barriers -remove subsidies -remove labor and environmental protections because they're seen as trade distortions -free market is the goal |
