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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Life history
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The patterns of growth, development, and reproduction
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Dioecious
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male and female are two separate plants.
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Monoecious
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Male and female parts on the same plant
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• Parthenogenesis
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reproduce w/o fertilization
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• Hermaphroditic
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having both male and female productive organs
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Semelparous
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single reproductive effort followed by death
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Iteroparous
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Ability to reproduce serval times
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Intrasexual Selection
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Male/male or female/female comp for a partner
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Lek
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area that is used for the sole purpose of reproduction
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• Habitat Selection
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what animals consider when they are picking a place to live. weather, foliage, food,
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• Hemimetabolous
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Incomplete metemophisis ex: bettle
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• Holometabolous
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complete metamorphisis ex: butterfly
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• Eusocial 4 requirements
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Bees/ ants
1. adults live together 2. generations overlap (children + parents in same nest) 3. everyone works to create a nest and brood care 4. one or a few reproduce |
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• Castes
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dominance by one or a few in reproduction
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• Adaptive Radiation
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addaptation from a common ancestor
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• Distribution
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where an organism is
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• Abundance
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pop. size
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• Habitat
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geographic area where an organism lives
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• Generalists
• Specialists |
generalists are found in a broad range of areas
specialists are only found within a certain area, this makes a species more vaunerable to extinction ex: ivory beaked woodpecker |
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• Population Density
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amount of ind. per unit area
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• Migration (is not always a round trip)
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directional, intentional, often seasonal
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• Dispersal (three types)
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uniform, random, clumped
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• Emigration/ immigration
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moving out/ moving in
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• Mark-Recapture: N/M = n/R and its assumptions
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N= pop. estimate
M= # marked in precenses period n= total # of ind. caught in census period R= # of mark ind. in cesus period assumptions: assumes that the marked animals desperse back naturally, tags don't fall off, no em/immigration, no reproduction/ mortality |
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• Invasion Ecology
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this is the study of how invasive species affect a given area
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• Invasive Species
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A problematic species to the environment that is not native to that area w/ expanding range
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Stages of Invasion: transport, establishment, spread, impact
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transport: make it on boat, plane, clothing
establishment: being able to establish a self sustaining pop. of that species Spread: reproduction and desperion of the given species Impact: how it affects native and human made ecosystems |
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• Tens Rule
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10% of all invasive species make it through each step
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• Founder Effect
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starting with a small pop. that is genetically bias towards parent genes, but a genetically diff pop may arise
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• Argentine Ant
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the most successful invasive species found in Africa, south america and the west coast of NA. Responsible for the demenishing pop. of the horned toad. Is a "global mega colony"
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• Cohort
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a group that is born in the same time period
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• Exponential Population Growth:
1. dN/dt = (b - d)N or dN/dt = rN N(t) = N(O)ert |
Pops. that go to an environment with low pop densities usually an invasive species.
Exponential Pop. growth 1. Change in number over time= (births-deaths)x # of ind. 2. N(t)= pop. size @ time (t) N(0)= Pop size @ time 0 e= Nat log |
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r =
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instantaneous per capita rate of growth
Intrinsic rate of pop growth. |
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Life Tables: x, n(x), l(x), q(x), d(x), b(x)
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x= age in yrs.
n(x)= # of ind. from some cohort alive @ time l(x)= prob @ birth to surviving to any given age q(x)= age specific morality rate d(x)= age specific morality b(x)= mean # on females born in ages class x |
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Type I, Type II, and Type III Survivorship Curves
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Type I: Live lifespan and then die (usually mammales, humans)
Type II: survivorship independent of age (adult birds, reptiles) Type III: Initial survivorship very low (invertebrets, ) |
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Age-specific birth rate
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b(x)= mean # on females born in ages class x
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• Gross reproductive rate
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sum of all b(x) across all classes
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• Net reproductive rate
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total r is greater than 1 then pop is increasing. 1 it stays the same less than 1 decreasing
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• sx = age specific survivorship = 1 – qx
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this is where qx is the # of ind. alive at the beginning of an age class, but edad before reaching the next
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• Finite Multiplication Rate λ:
λ = N(t+1)/N(t) |
Pop size @ time (t+1) divided by divided by pop at time t
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• N(t + 1) = N(t) λ
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this can be used to project future population growth (if there is stable age distribution)
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• Stable Age Distribution
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the same amount of ind. in each age class
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• Under what conditions can λ be used to predict future population sizes?
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only if there is a stable age distribution
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• What effect does climate change have on the success of invasive species?
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it increases because of increase in temp increases reproduction. Q10 rule
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• On slide 22 of 24 October’s lecture, based on the graphs which country’s population is increasing?
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Mexico
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• List examples of invasive species and explain why they have been successful.
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brown tree snake: feed off of the birds in the area,
American Bullfrog: eat a broad range of foods European Starling Humboldt Squid: lives in broad range of temp and consume krill and many fish |
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• Why is haploid/diploid in hymenoptera such a successful reproduction system? Explain how it works.
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Hymanoptera: bees, waps, ants (using bees)
Haploid: Unfertilized egg (male) Drone Diploid: fertilized by queen (Female) The female either chooses to fertilize or not fertilize an egg. The ones she does ertilize share 75% of their genes this creates a very close knit group that is willing to give up reproduction for the better fo the whole nest. |
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• What is one way species can ensure their survival? Hint: think about the number of places that they live.
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They would survive better if they distributed themselves and became more generalists rather than specalists. Meaning that they can live more places and eat a broad range of foods
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• Why are specialists prone to extinction? List examples of specialist species discussed in lecture.
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Ivory Beaked Wood Pecker
Passenger Pigeon They are prone to extinction because they don't have a broad range of distribution and if there habitat or food vanishes so do they |
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• What are the advantages/disadvantages of maturing early vs. late? Maturing at a small versus larger size?
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Maturing early allows you to reproduce soon after birth, but at the cost of having less offfspring. Maturing later (larger) allows for a species to produce an abundance of offspring in one reproductive cycle (ex: crabs)
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• Carrying Capacity (K)
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maximum pop. that can be supported by the enviro
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Logistic Growth Equation:
dN/dt = rN(1 - N/K), or rN[(K - N)/K] |
growth that is dictated by carrying capacity (k)
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• Density Dependence
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effect on pop is density dependent
death due to low amounts of resources |
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• Density Independence
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effect on pop. is density independent
death due to natural disasters |
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• Allee Effect
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reduction of reproduction/ survival @ lower pop desities
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• Stable Limit Cycles
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self contained population ocelation by pred and prey
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• Metapopulations
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Populations that are interconnected by the movement of individuals from one group to another
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• Source Populations
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pops. that occupy and desperse from highly quality (productive) areas
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• Sink Populations
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pops. that occupy low quality habitat patches (populated by source populations)
ex: skipper butterfly |
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• Symbiosis
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situation in which two dissimilar organisms live in close proximity to one and other
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• Commensalism
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+/0 orchid growing off another trees branch
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• Amensalism
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-/0 tall plant shading similar plany not allowing it to grow.
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• Competition: interspecific and intraspecific
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one species competing for a resource vs. multi species competing for a resource
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1. Scramble (exploitation)
2. Contest (interference) |
1. all ind. receive equal ammounts of a limiting resource compete indirectly through their mutual affects on the resource
2. one species guards a resource from another, this is done through direct contact between species |
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• Negative Feedback
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coming back to equalibrium or a good pop. level.
ex: increase density creates a negative feedback for pop. growth. |
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Lotka-Voltera Model for Interspecific Competition:
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This calculates the pops (species 1&2) effects on one and others pops. (species 1&2) for a competing resource.
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• Zero Growth Isoclines
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w/o a competitor present the carrying capacity of a certain species.
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• Competitive Exclusion Principle
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complete competitors cannot co-exist one will go extinct eventually because of: same food source or limited source, remain genetically changes, no em/immigration, enviro constant
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• Allelopathy
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the effect of metabolic products of plants on nearby plants
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• Resource (Niche) Partitioning
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same species spread cross diff realized Niches in a fundamental so that they can all have a resource.
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• Ghost of Competition Past
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partitioning we see in nature today
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• Character Displacement
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shift in species morphology or physiology in respose to competition.
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Competitive Release
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Niche expansion due to lower comp. (spreading of a pop. seen often in invasive species)
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Name density dependent and density independent factors that effect a population.
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for example a toad is density independent from the ammount of rain that year but its desity is dependent on the amount of puddles that tadpoles can mature in
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What is the number one indicator of evolution by predation?
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when an animal displays character displacement
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Why would organisms become specialists? (Hint: What are they trying to avoid?)
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a species would become a specialist to avoid competition with other species
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Populations tend to ________ their carrying capacity.
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increase
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• What does the Lotka-Voltera equation help explain?
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It tries to explain fluxes in population due to different species/ the same species trying to compete for a limited resource
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• Carnivore
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solley eats meat or other animals
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• Parasitoid
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a larve hooks onto a host and feeds off of it in the pupil stage before metamorphisis. hooks onto a host and sucks it slowly till it dies!
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1. Parasite:
2. microparasite 3. marcoparasite |
1. Organism that feeds on another organism but doesn't consume it.
2. viruses, protozoa, fungi, bacteria 3. fungi, lice, fleas, misltetoe, worms |
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• Herbivore
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soley feeds on plant matter
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• Cannibalism
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feeds on it's own species
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• Pheromones and alarm pheromones
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chemical communication between some species
alarm pheramones are released from an injured amphibian to warm others of danger nearby |
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• Refugia
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a place where prey is safe from pred.
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• Trophic Level
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relationship between species based on feeding relationship
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• Trophic Structure
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organization of a community based on feeding
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• Tri-trophic interaction=Tri-level interaction
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one thing eats another thing and that last thing is eaten by another thing 2 eats 1 and then 2 is eaten by 3
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• Functional Response (three types)
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The relationship between the per capita rate of the # of prey. (changes in predation due to prey density)
Type I: morality/ capture of prey is density independent (ex: plankton) Type II: Prey capture rate declines with lower density satilation and handling time (weasles rodents) Type III: Regulated by refugia and switching (blue crabs and clams) |
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• Numerical Response
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high consumption of prey results increase in pred pop.
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• (Predator) Satiation
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such a high prey pop that pred cannot consume them all or know the time or place in which they will appear
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• Handling time
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the ammount of time between getting the food and eating the food.
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• Switching
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when a pred chooses to switch the prey on which it feeds if it becomes more abundant
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• Search image
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the pred recognizes an animal as a food source and concentrates on that species as it's prey.
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• Aggregative response
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this is a nummerical response higher prey means more preds.
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• Optimal foraging strategy
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Maximize return minimize cost
focus on high productivity areas leave as productivity falls avoid low productivity areas |
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• Virulence
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ability to induce disease symptoms
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• Pathogenicity
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ability of a pathogen to spread w/in or among hosts
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• Epizootic/epidemic
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disease outbreak in human/animal
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• Additive
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nat enemies eliminate ind. and pop goes down
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• Compensatory
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nat enemies kill an indiv. who would ahve dies anyways
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• Depensatory
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nat enemies eliminate ind. but target pop is increased
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• Disease
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physical manisfestation of an infection
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Intermediate vs. definitive host
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intermediate is temporary Common cold
definative host- always carring diesease HIV |
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• Dead end host
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a host in which a disease agent cannot survive and reproduce
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• Coevolution
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the evolution of one species depends on another and vica versa (non-interbreeding)
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• Farnholtz’s rule
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Phylogeny (evolutionary development of the host) of a parasite or pathogen parallels that of its host
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• __________ is the driving force for selection.
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Individual
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• Prey dynamics are determined solely on _________’s consumption, and its population is determined by how many prey it consumes.
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Pred
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• Lotka-Voltera predator/prey interaction model predicts what concept?
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Stable limit cycles
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• Explain how Guffaker’s orange experiment demonstrated stability in predator/prey interatctions.
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It shows stable limit cycles as long as the prey has a place of saftey so that it can reproduce
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Why are stable limit cycles seen less often in tropical areas?
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there is more species and orgaisms there are many interactions between pred and prey
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Explain the factors that influence the shape of the Type I and Type II functional response curves. Which one is a good regulator of prey density?
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Type I: this curve is density independent so the curve is harder to predict
Type II: better regulator of prey density because this curve is density dependent |
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What strategy are cicadas and squid employing by having a large clutch size?
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they are trying to make sure they have a jigh survival rate
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Explain the advantage of a classical approach to pest control.
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Find a natural predetor that is natural or indiginous to land to get prey (pest)
establishes a control agent |
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Lotka-Voltera Predator/Prey Interaction Model:
Prey: Predator: |
This predicts stable limit cycles between pred and prey
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• Sudden Oak Death
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This the invasion of bark beetles on tan oak high mortality rate, spreading rapidly through CA
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• “White-nose” syndrome
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This is a fungal infectin, causes lesions in wing, limited to warm climate in eastern NA, 15,000,000 bats have died that would have ate 210-360,000 lbs of insects
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• Chytrid fungus
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this is a fungus that has been killing amphibans. globally around 40% effects circulator respiration, Pop down in sierra yellow legged frogs
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• Genetic bottleneck
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Lower genetic diversity now vs. past genetic diversity ex: europeans because of Plauge
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• West Nile virus
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This a virus transmited by mosquitos (mosquito borne virus): humans and horses are dead end hosts
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• West Nile Fever
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effects 20%
shows up in 13-14 days flu like symptoms duration: 3-6 days |
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• West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease
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<1% contract this
muscle fatigue age matters men have higher chance of contracting this |
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• Arbovirus
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Virises that are maintained through biological transmission between vertebret hosts and blood-feeders
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• Reservoir hosts
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Hosts that carry diesease or pathogen and spread it. Host may not be affected
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• Myxoma virus
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This was a virus given to the rabbits in australia, it killed 90-100% but a few survived and become resistant to the virus
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• Mutualistic relationships (three types)
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Highly specialized and obligatory,
casual facultative, widespread coevolution between/among taxa |
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• Zooxanthellae
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coral polyps that produce color in coral provide carbon photosythesis
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• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria: Endo- and Ectomycorrhizae, Rhyzobium
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These are bacteria found on the roots of plants that take up and release Nitrogen into the soil. Endo is found in the root and ecto are ones found hanging on the root.
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• What effect does mutualism have on the Lotka-Voltera model?
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This shows that each species can live independently
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• Lichens are the result of a mutualistic relationship between ______, _______, and/or ________.
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fungi algae and cyanobacteria
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• Will climate change increase, decrease, or have no effect on the prevalence of pathogens? Why will it have this effect?
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Increase because it has changed the landscape of terrestral and mosquitos and other insects reproduce faster in warmer weather
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• List examples of mutualistic relationships covered in lecture.
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Burring beetles and mites: mites eat maggots which are potential competitors to the bettle larave
Cleaner wrasse: clean parasites off fish Shrimp: clean parasites sunfish and seagulls: they lay on surface and seagulls eat off parasites |
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• Explain why West Nile virus has become such a concern in the past ~15 years.
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Because of global climate change and the spread of mosquitos. Higher facundity at higher temps
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• Monophagy
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one host species (specialst)
(smith blue) |
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• Oligphagy
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several host species (monarch)
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• Polyphagy
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many host species (generalist)
(white lined sphinx) |
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• Secondary plant compounds
Nitrogen compounds Terpenoids |
These are chemical compounds released by a plant to fend off predetors.
Nitrogen Compunds -alkaloids -non-protien amino acids -cyanogenic compounds Terpenoids: -Insects that are the driving force in the plant chem toxins, irritants, reduced diegestibility, physical defense, insect hormone disruption |
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• Elaiosome
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structures on leaves that attract ants
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• Pollinator syndrome
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a set of behaviors, syndroms, etc. that are characteristics of certain conditions
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• Two major types of pollination
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: wind : require los of pollen, the further it blows the less efficent it is
animals (mostly insects): insects are small, they fly, usually attracted by scent, color, size, shape, pattern, arrangement, nectar reward |
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• Nectar guides
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patterns on the flower that direct the insect to the nectar
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• Landing platforms
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a platform in which a bird can land to pollinate/ extract nectar
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• “Buzz” pollination
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This is when pollination is knocked off through the buzzing produced by the wings of a hummingbord
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• Nectar robbing
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This is when an insect goes to the back of a flower and extracts nectar w/o pollinating
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• Community
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group of plants/ animals that inhabit a given area
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• Food web vs Food chain
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a food web is an interlocking pattern of energy throuhg many food chains, a food chain is a linear trophic level set up from primary producer to higher and higher on food chain
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• Why is wind the most ancient form of pollination?
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It is the most ancient because it was the original form before the evolution of all the insects
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• List the floral characteristics that are specialized to attract which type of pollinator.
Bees birds Flys |
scent, color,size,shape, patterns, reward, timing, presentation.
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• Which animal(s) are the most important pollinators?
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the hymonoptra bees, wasps,
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• Why would plants not produce enough to satiate the pollinator?
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because they want to pollinator to continue to come back and pollinate the plant.
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• What effect does competition have on floral times?
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More Overlap in Flowering Times Observed in Invaded Communities
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• List the types of animals that are pollinators, their mechanism for pollination, and their food preference.
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Bees, flies, birds
Beesa nd wasps like Blue/ yellow flowers a landing platform high diversity and floral structure nectar guides and sots on pedals Birds like: red/orange tubular flowers landing platform depending on bird durinal no scent nectar reward Flys: Brown, green, red bad smell usually durinal nectar reward |
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• List examples of coevolution between flowers and their pollinators.
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Gongora orchid and bees and wasps: helps sythesis hormones to attact female bees
orchid that looks like a female wasp: tries to mate with flower which pollinates it Figs and wasps: female lays eggs in fig and that allows the wasps to have resources to develop |
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• Why are most pollinators insects?
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they can fly, they are abundant, small, numorous and widspread, require low amount of resources
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