Environmental Sustainability Final At Loyola

Front 1

science

Back 1

body of facs and theoretical knowledge of nature and a set of procedures for analyzing those facts

linked with math and technology

Front 2

scientists

Back 2

study nature and provide theories

Front 3

engineers

Back 3

apply scientific research to fulfill society's needs

Front 4

craftsment

Back 4

build tools used by scientists

ex: telescope

Front 5

sustainability

Back 5

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

ex: egyptians--historically rely upon flooding of Nile and dry season irrigation (sustainable) but in laste century built a dam on Nile and agriculture declined (unsustainable)

Front 6

thermo-dynamic death

Back 6

universe essentially ends

energy is still there but is inaccessible--everything is at the same potnetial

Front 7

energy movement

Back 7

always high potential to low potential (ex: + and - sign on batteries)

when energy is transformed it always loses a little bit (ex: photosynthesis)

Front 8

waste product of energy
and
ways to conserve it

Back 8

heat

-compact flourescent bulbs give off less heat
-electric motors are 90-95% efficient because little heat loss but internal combustion engine=17% efficient

Front 9

infiltration

Back 9

water seeping into the ground

Front 10

transpiration

Back 10

plant sweat

Front 11

irrigation

Back 11

largest human use of water

Front 12

how much of water is saltwater

Back 12

97%

Front 13

how much of the world's water is available to us

Back 13

1%

Front 14

pollution of hydrologic cycle

Back 14

wild life

agriculture--alters ability of soil to absorb rainfall; agrichemicals contaminate groundwater

mining--large amounts of sedifment and eroded top soil

woodlands (silviculture)

Front 15

silviculture

Back 15

woodlands

Front 16

aral sea

Back 16

SU intercepted rivers flowing into sea for agricultural use

in 20 years sea level dropped by 20m; volume decreased by 80%

fishing and transportation industry died

wind blows toxic salts and causes huge health problems

Front 17

dam builders

Back 17

originally north and central america were huge

now asia wins by FAR

Front 18

loss of forest cover in America

Back 18

trees sent to europe for fuel

resulted in loss of habitat,extinctions, increased funoff, increased erosion, climate change, degraded water quality

Front 19

canals and railroads

Back 19

canals=more efficient (useful work vs. energy put in)(1820s)

trains dominate US transportation (1850s-1920s); still used in third world countries

Front 20

limited access highways

Back 20

intercity travel
multi-lane
4% of US mileage
ex: I-94

Front 21

arterial highways

Back 21

intra and intercity travel
single or multi lane
11% of US mileage

Front 22

collectors

Back 22

take neighborhood ppl to highway
19% of US mileage

Front 23

local

Back 23

general
66% of US mileage

Front 24

% of total energy consumption used for transportation

Back 24

27.4%

Front 25

% petroleum consumption used for transportation

Back 25

96.4%

Front 26

% transportation energy used for highway and road uses

Back 26

60% by cars, buses, light trucks

16% by heavy trucks

Front 27

% of total energy used by air, railroads, ships

Back 27

21.1%

Front 28

% of total energy used by agriculture, construction, etc

Back 28

2.9%

Front 29

automobile habit

Back 29

89% daiy travel by automobile

79% of trips over 161 km=automobile

Front 30

current US growth rate

Back 30

population: 1%
GDP: 2.5%
Vehicle Miles Traveled: 3.2%

VMT is more than 3 times faster growing then population

Front 31

% of fugitive dust in atmosphere from paved and unpaevd roads

Back 31

more than 43%

Front 32

fugitive dust

Back 32

reflects energy back into space (good) but also causes repiratory health issues (bad)

Front 33

green bridges

Back 33

built so animals can safely cross highways

predators started laying in waiting at end of bridges

Front 34

downside to road salt

Back 34

makes it impossible for placts to grow on road shoulder

import nonindigenous plants from east coast

Front 35

downside to highway noise

Back 35

affects ability to learn

above 40 mph, wind=MAJOR noise source (houses, etc)

Front 36

downside to light from highways

Back 36

headlights, road signs, high mast lighting

disrupts sleep patterns, animal reproduction, predation, migration

Front 37

when did romans have a network of 80,000 km of paved roads

Back 37

200 AD

not in Europe again until 1700s

Front 38

first roads

Back 38

footpaths

highways still follow them

Front 39

when did macadam develop the first petroleum-based pavement

Back 39

1820s

Front 40

what made roads popular

Back 40

bicycles

Front 41

good roads movement

Back 41

roads in town and around town

Front 42

when did ford produce 400,000 automobiles

Back 42

1915

Front 43

what was the level of cars in 1920

Back 43

as many as horse-drawn carraiges

1 car for every 13 americans

not in europe until 1960s

Front 44

what is the level of cars today

Back 44

more cars than people able to drive them in the US

Front 45

what percentage of roads were paved in 1910

Back 45

less than 4%

Front 46

what percentage of travel is on limited access highways?

Back 46

42%

Front 47

what percentage of US land is paved?

Back 47

1.1%

tennessee is paved over (only roads not parking lots)

Front 48

what percentage of roads serve less than 400 vehicles per day

Back 48

80%

Front 49

requirements for effective fuel

Back 49

-high energy density
-low residuals
-easily combustible
-transportable
-more than 300 miles between fuel stops (bathroom breaks)
-less than 10 minutes to refuel
-widely available
-environmentally friendly?

Front 50

universal soil loss equation

Back 50

A=(R)(K)(LS)(C)(P)

a=soil loss in tonnes
r=rainfall energy factor
k=soil erodibility factor
ls=slope-length factor
c=cropping management factor
p=erosion cpntrol practice factor