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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Conservationism and what people/events are related to it?
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concerned with wasteful use of resources.
Gifford Pinchot "The greatest good for the greatest number for the greatest time" US Forest Service |
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What is Preservationism and what people/events are related to it?
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concerned with loss of wilderness
John Muir US Park Service, Pelican Island |
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What is Environmentalism and what people/events are related to it?
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concerned with pollution, industrialization
Rachel Carson, Barry Commoner Silent Spring, Earth Day, The EPA, The ESA |
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What is Global Environmentalism and what people/events are related to it?
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concerned with planetary life support
Montreal Protocol (ozone depletion) Kyoto Protocol (GHGs) |
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What is Hume's Law?
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Moral conclusions cannot logically be drawn from purely empirical premises
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What is moral standing?
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inherent moral worth, responsible to something as opposed to for something
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Explain instrumental v. intrinsic value.
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Instrumental value is conferred upon an object because it has value to something else (responsibility for something), intrinsic value is held for its own sake (responsibility to something)
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What is "moral extensionism"?
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Widening the scope of moral consideration. Aldo Leopold.
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Explain consumptive v. non-consumptive value.
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consumptive value (logging, hunting) uses up that resource whereas non-consumptive value (bird-watching, hiking) does not.
Ways to measure non-consumptive value: Willingness to pay for it, or willingness to accept compensation for it |
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Explain market value v. non-market value.
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Market value is the cost of tradeable goods. Non-market value is the value of free-access goods.
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What is environmental racism?
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The disproportionate distribution of environmental costs on minority groups.
75% of US landfills are in communities of color. |
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What is toxic colonialism?
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Exporting of wastes by wealthy countries to poorer countries.
Khian Sea Voyage |
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What is sustainability?
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Meeting the current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
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What is an environmental footprint?
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Individual impact on the environment based on lifestyle including food, housing and transportation.
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Explain inductive v. deductive reasoning.
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inductive is specific to broad, deductive is broad to specific.
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What is a pool?
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The forms or locations where energy or matter is found.
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What is a flux? What is a source or a sink?
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Flux is a process by which energy or matter is transfered between pools.
A source is a flux where output is greater than input. A sink is a flux where input is greater than output. |
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What are some benefits of pesticides?
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Disease control, crop protection.
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What are some alternatives to pesticide use?
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Biological control with predators, genetics, bacteria, hormones.
Behavioral changes with polyculture, crop rotation. |
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What is biomagnification?
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Pesticides become condensed going up the trophic pyramid because only 10% of the energy is absorbed but 100% of the pesticide is.
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What is bioaccumulation?
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The accumulation of pesticides in a body through the consumption of something containing pesticides.
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What is a pesticide treadmill?
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Pesticides are sprayed, but some pests resist, breed pesticide resistant pests, so more pesticides must be sprayed, but some pests resist, so more pesticides must be sprayed. (Positive feedback loop)
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What are the 3 types of biodiversity?
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Genetic diversity (within a species)
Species diversity (withing a community) Ecosystem diversity (within a landscape) |
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Explain species richness and evenness.
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Species richness is the number of species within an area, species evenness is the relative abundance of the different species.
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What are the 3 species concepts?
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Biological (can only reproduce with each other)
Phylogenic (have a unique common ancestry) Morphological (look similar) |
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What is undernourishment?
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Insufficient overall caloric intake
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What is malnourishment?
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key nutritional components missing
iron deficiency- anemia iodine deficiency- goiter protein deficiency- kwashiorkor, marasmus |
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What is overnourishment?
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obesity, caused by food insecurity, cheaper foods are calorie dense but nutrient poor.
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What are benefits of the Green Revolution?
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high yield crops, decreased cost, diverted food shortage
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What are costs of the Green Revolution?
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Replaced many varieties with few, bigger pest problems, higher costs for fertilizer and pesticides.
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What is speciation?
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Different populations of species include different variations, different conditions and therefore evolve in different directions
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How does productivity affect biodiversity?
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Productivity increases trophic complexity because it increases the minimum viable population
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How does heterogeneity affect biodiversity?
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diversity begets diversity. niche is the set of conditions that determine a species distribution
competitive exclusion principle: no 2 species occupy the same niche. |
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How does soil fertility affect biodiversity?
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If soil fertility is too high, biodiversity decreases because there are no limiting factors.
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How does disturbance affect biodiversity?
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Intermediate Disturbance hypothesis: richness v. disturbance is a parabola.
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What are anthropogenic threats to biodiversity?
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Habitat destruction
Invasive species Pollution Population growth Overharvesting |
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What is involved in ESA listing?
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Based on objective data, different levels:
endangered-imminent danger threatened- likely to become extinct vulnerable- rare "warranted"- during a moratorium |
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What is prohibited for an endangered species?
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taking (harassing, harming, pursuing, hunting, capturing, collecting) possessing, selling or transporting listed species
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What is the "God Squad" criteria for an exemption?
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significance, benefits>costs, no alternative
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What are the types of 5th Amendment taking envolved in the ESA?
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Regulatory taking- property rights restricted, owner must show substantial fraction of total value is lost
Physical taking- property invaded, amount irrelevant |
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What is a keystone species?
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A species that has a large impact on the function of the ecosystem. (prarie dogs, sea otters)
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What is an indicator species?
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A species that shows ecosystem changes. (brook trout)
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What is an umbrella species?
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A species that's protection means the protection of a whole habitat. (spotted owl)
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What is a flagship species?
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Cool, often mega-vertebrates. Used to gain support for an environmental movement. (polar bears)
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When does exponential growth occur?
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When the size of a population is relatively small compared to it's resources.
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What is the maximum sustainable yield?
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The number which can be removed from a population that can be replaced the next year by recruitment.
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What is the Tragedy of the Commons?
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A situation with free-access resources where the benefits are private but the costs are public. There is no reason to not use a resource because someone else will.
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What is a negative feedback loop?
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A increases B decreases A. Maintains equilibrium, lessens change.
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What is a positive feedback loop?
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A increases B increases A. Amplifies change.
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What is a tipping point?
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The point at which one type of loop switches to the other. The point at which something continues without external pressures.
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What is the Rate of Natural Increase?
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(Crude Birth Rate (births/1000 people) - Crude Death Rate (deaths/1000 people))/10=pop change/100 people.
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What is total ferility?
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average number of children per woman over her lifetime
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What is replacement fertility?
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the number of children needed per woman to have zero population growth.
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What is Malthus' theory of population growth?
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population growth leads to hunger, unemployment, pollution, leads to poverty.
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What is Marx's theory of population growth?
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poverty leads to environmental degredation leads to population growth.
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What is Simon's theory of population growth?
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population growth decreases poverty.
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What is the difference between weather and climate?
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Weather changes day-to-day, year-to-year. Climate changes over a long period of time.
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How does intensity of sunlight affect temperature?
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Because earth is round, the angle of sunlight varies. Perpendicular at center of earth (from tropic to tropic) but at poles it is at a more acute angle. Pases through more atmosphere, less heat.
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What is a Hadley Cell?
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latitudinal bands of rising air, low pressure, wet and falling air, high pressure, dry. Wet at equator.
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What are some causes of climate change?
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earth's position relative to the sun
volcanic activity solar activity reflectivity (albedo) greenhouse effect |
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How does albedo affect climate change?
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temperature increases, ice melts, albedo reduces, temperature increase (positive feedback loop)
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