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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How were Developing countries challenged by the Millennium Development Goals?
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to show good governance and address poverty
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How were Developed countries challenged by the MDGs?
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to support economic and social development
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Understand all of the UN Goals from the summit
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8 goals by 2015
get rid of poverty and hunger promote education promote gender equality reduce child deaths improve maternal health combat HIV/AIDS ensure enviro. sustainability forge a global partnership for development |
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what is HIV
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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what does HIV lead to?
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AIDS
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what is AIDS?
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
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where did AIDS start?
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host expansion (from species to species) in Central Africa
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what year was AIDS in the US?
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1981
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what is the ratio of people who have AIDS in the world?
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1 in 184
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how many people presently have died of AIDS?
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32 million deaths to present; 75% of those in sub-saharan africa
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how does HIV work?
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HIV attacks the immune system. the virus itself doesn't kill. victims usually die of another disease or infection. it can remain dormant for 8-10 years ,but you are instantly infectious. high rates of mutation. treatment is a drug cocktail. AZT pills stops RNA from copying
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is there hope for HIV/AIDS?
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yes!
people with HIV/AIDS are living, everyone knows about it, education at a young age, better drug therapy, and we know how to stop it. incidence is decreasing. |
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what is the abiotic water cycle?
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energy that results in evaporation, then it cools and falls back to earth as precipitation (most goes into the ocean). on land, either surface or subsurface. rain shadow as it hits mountainside.
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what is the biotic water cycle?
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plants absorb water through roots, up xylem. animals absorb directly or indrectly. enters atmosphere by transpiration (water vapor that escapes through stomata) - 90% of evaporation over land, and vegetation is the major source of local rainfall
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where is water located?
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only 2% is captured in some form (soil, frozen, organisms)
98% circulates between atmosphere and oceans |
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what is an aquifer?
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permeable, saturated, underground layers of rock, sand and gravel. holds 96% of freshwater in US. upper portion is water table, and the lower portion is confined and out of reach in the groundwater.
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water is the water table?
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the upper surface of groundwater, rising and falling with the amount of groundwater.
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what is transpiration?
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water vapor that escapes through the stomata of plants
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what is a rain shadow?
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a region having little rainfall because it is sheltered from prevailing rain-bearing winds by a range of hill.s
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how does vegetation removal affect water, specifically rainfall?
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water is intercepted by vegetation, and it percolates into the groundwater. without vegetation, it shifts to run off instead of soaking into the ground, into roots, animals... (basically, entering the water cycle)
flooding and sediment carried changes rainfall patterns reforestation nearly impossible EXAMPLES: Ganges and Jamuna Rivers - Erosion, flooding and loss of soil fertility. Caused by deforestation in the Himalayan mountainrange. Creates large sediment pool on the coast. |
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where is the Ogallala aquifer?
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in central US and Great Plains - stretches from the southern borders of South Dakota to northwestern Texas.
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what is happening to the Ogallala aquifer?
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major drain by agriculture - rate of consumption is 2m/year. it is still deep in Nebraska, but its tapering off at the edges
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What is happening in Bangladesh and the Himalayan Mountains?
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vegetation removal and deforestation is causing flooding and sediment removal down the Ganges and Jamuna Rivers. There is erosion, flooding and loss of soil fertility. its creating a large sediment pool on the coast
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understand major environmental issues around water usage?
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groundwater pollution - 2%
you can't put groundwater back in the recharge rate for aquifers is usually centuries loss of land subsidence (reduced support) --> sinkholes |
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what is land subsidence?
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the gradual sinking of land. the condition may result from the removal of groundwater or oil, which is essential in supporting the overlying rock and soil.
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what do we use water for?
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US - 40% ground water
60% surface water |
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what are health issues concerning wellwater?
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worldwide, wells are common
surface water and wells receive run off that is often times polluted. 90% of wastewater released untreated into surface waters. 1.7 million deaths due to unclean water |
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why do we dam rivers?
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the approach is to retain water for power output, reservoir creation, recreation, drinking water resources, flood reduction, field irrigation
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on what river is the Three Gorges Dam?
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the Yangtze River in China which is 6300 km long
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describe details of the Three Gorges Dam
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it is the largest hydroelectric dam in the world. it creates 22,500 megawatts of power - water flows through the dam through spinning turbines that have magnets in them that capture electricity
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how much (%) power will the dam create for China?
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10% (proposed), 3% actual
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what else does the Three Gorges Dam help with?
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flood control
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how big is the Three Gorges Dam?
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2309m long and 185 m tall
the reservoir is 175m deep |
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what are the positive impacts of the Three Gorges Dam?
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-because of all the power created, they are going to cut down their use of other resources like fossil fuels.
-also, shipping. the Yangtze is a major thoroughfare, and the dam has a shiplift. the dam made the Yangtze a permanent flowing river to help with efficiency -flood reduction: shift from 1/10 year to 1/100 year flooding -reforestation: since no floods, replanting trees |
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what are the negative impacts of the Three Gorges Dam?
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-citizens: 1.4 million have been displaced, 4 million encouraged to move
-1300 archeological sites flooded: BA people of 3000 years ago, hanging coffin sites -river flushes waste -silt is important! there is silt clogging the dam, but silt is necessary downstream. Shanghai is built on and is supported by silt -species! |
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what species are negatively affected by the Three Gorges Dam?
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Yangtze Sturgeon
Siberian Crane (where will they winter? Yangtze River Dolphin - hasn't been seen since 2007, believed to be extinct fish migration |
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what is desertification?
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the formation and expansion of degraded areas of soil and vegetation cover in arid, semiarid, and seasonally dry areas, caused by climatic variations and human activities
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define soil
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loose covering of broken rock particles and decaying organic material (humus)
PLUS mircorbes, especially nitrogen fixers nematodes, insects, earthworms fumgi detritivores water gas minerals |
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what is humus?
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the organic component of soil, formed by decomposing plant material
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what is percolation?
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water filtering down slowly through porous rock or soil
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what is surface soil?
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mineral soil with the most organic material accumulated; illuviates are iron, clay, aluminum, organic compounds
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what is top soil?
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organic material + surface soil
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what is surface soil?
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mineral soil with the most organic material accumulated; illuviates are iron, clay, aluminum, organic compounds
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what is subsoil?
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in a natural situation, the soil beneath topsoil. In contrast to top soil, subsoil is compacted and has little or no humus or other organic material, living or dead. In many areas, topsoil has been lost or destroyed as a result of erosion or development, and subsoil is at the surface; illuviates are iron, clay, aluminum and organic compounds
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what is top soil?
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organic material + surface soil
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what is subsoil?
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in a natural situation, the soil beneath topsoil. In contrast to top soil, subsoil is compacted and has little or no humus or other organic material, living or dead. In many areas, topsoil has been lost or destroyed as a result of erosion or development, and subsoil is at the surface; illuviates are iron, clay, aluminum and organic compounds
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what is substratum
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unconsolidated soil parent material
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what efforts do we use to conserve soil?
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minimuze soil damage from intensive agriculture
farming practices to conserve: no till farming terracing or contour farming cover crops |
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what is substratum
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unconsolidated soil parent material
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what is salinization?
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the process whereby soil becomes saltier and saltier until, finally, the salt prevents the growth of plants
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what efforts do we use to conserve soil?
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minimuze soil damage from intensive agriculture
farming practices to conserve: no till farming terracing or contour farming cover crops |
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where do we see salinization?
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it is caused by irrigation because salts are brought in with the water remain in the soil as the water evaporates
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what is salinization?
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the process whereby soil becomes saltier and saltier until, finally, the salt prevents the growth of plants
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what is a primary energy source?
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fossil fuels, radioactive material, and solar, wind, water and other energy sources that exist as natural resources subject to exploitation
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where do we see salinization?
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it is caused by irrigation because salts are brought in with the water remain in the soil as the water evaporates
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what is a secondary energy source
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a form of energy such as electricity that must be produced from a primary energy source such as coal or radioactive material
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how is energy produced/converted using turbines
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steam from nuclear, coal, gas power
or from gas, wind or water directly when you burn something, you create heat and it spins a giant turbine (a coil of wire that spins in a magnet which produces electron flow or electricity) |
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what are the primary energy sources in New England?
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29% nuclear
40% natural gas 14% coal (Below the US average of 49%) |
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for oil and coal, how is it formed? how long does it take?
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fossil fuels are created by the compression of organic material over time. the form depends on pressure and temperature
top layer coal 75000-15000 feet oil below 15000 feet is gas 1 day = 1,000 years |
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how it oil extracted?
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primary recovery (25%) - oil seeps into a well and we pump it out
secondary extraction (50%) with pressure and force. |
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understand details of nuclear fission and how reactions work
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the radioactive Uranium tubes heat up since the water is hot and pressurized around it, and the atoms split and once one splits, another splits. everytime an atom splits, a ton of energy is released.
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what controls nuclear fission reactions?
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water is the moderator.
also, control tubes suck in extra neutrons to slow the process down |
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what is the Yucca Mountain Repository?
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it is in a remote area. we were going to put all over nuclear waste there.
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around how much can the Yucca Mountain Repository hold?
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around 300 billion (288,662,400) pounds of radioactive material
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what are the three loops for in water flow?
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the first loops is water around the reactions to heat it, then the second tube transfers heat out to turbines, then the remaining heat is transferred to a reactor.
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what is the name of the topmost soil horizon?
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O horizon = topsoil
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what is the layer below the O horizon?
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the A horizon - it is also called topsoil
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what is the layer below the O and A horizons (both top soil)?
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the E horizon - which stands for eluviation
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what is eluviation
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the process of leaching (dissolving away) many minerals due to the downward movement of water
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what is the layer below the E horizon?
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the B horizon. this layer is characterized by the deposition of minerals that have leached from the A and E horizons, so it is often high in iron, aluminum, calcium and other minerals
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what is the B horizon frequently referred to as?
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subsoil - it is frequently highly in clay
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what layer is below the B horizon?
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the C horizon, which is the parent material that originally occupied the site
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how does industrial fertilizer compare to other sources of nitrogen?
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the failing of chemical fertilizer is its lack of organic matter to support soil organisms.
with symbiotic nitrogen fixation, nitrogen fixing plants provide nutrients for the crops, and it saves energy while also reducing pollution |
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what efforts do we use to conserve soil
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crop rotation
no till farming terracing/contour farming cover crops |
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what is crop rotation
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a cash crop such as corn is g rown every third year, with hay and clover (which fix nitrogen while also adding organic matter) in between
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understand the Hubbert Peak as it relates to oil extraction
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the Hubbert Peak is a curve indicating that peak oil production will occur sometime in the current decade. When that happens, production will begin to taper off in spite of rising demand, and the world will enter a new era of rising oil procies.
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what are the environmental impacts of surface mining?
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forest removal
topsoil removal streams get clogged they remove the coal they replace topsoil and federal regulations say that they need to replant, but it will take decades for the ecosystem to rebuild, and sometimes if water is scarce, it never does. strip mining can cause permanent deserts. |
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what are the environmental impacts of mountaintop removal?
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there are 1000 vertical feet of rock to reach the coal, so they blow up the mountains. debris into river valleys.
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where do they mine using mountaintop removal?
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appalachian mountains in kentucky and west virgnia
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what is the process of mountaintop removal?
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clear cut
top soil removal rock removal coal removal top soil replaed topography in shambles |
