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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Characteristics of Life (List)
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1)Having complex and organized structures that are organic carbon molecules. 2)Acquire and use energy from their environment and convert them into different forms. 3)Actively maintain structure and internal environment. (homeostasis) 4)Grow 5)Respond 6)Reproduce 7)Evolve (change) |
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Science
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The organized, systematic enterprise that gathers knowledge about the world and condenses the knowledge into testable laws and principles. |
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Scientific Method
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Observation Hypothesis-Testable educated guess Experiment Conclusion Should be reported Must be repeatable |
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Assumption of Science
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Natural causality Uniformity in space and time common perception |
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Evolution
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The change in genetic make-up or gene frequency in a population for generations. The process by which each type of organism and descended from ancestors that were similar but not identical to it. |
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3 processes of Evolution
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Genetic Variations Inheritance Natural Selection |
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Hypothesis
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Testable educated guess
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Scientific Theory and Scientific Law
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scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is traditionally [note 1] acquired through the scientific method and repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation. No exceptions found. Ex. Law of gravity |
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Homeostasis
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Homeostasis or homoeostasis (homeo- + -stasis) is the property of a system in which variables are regulated so that internal conditions remain stable and relatively constant. Examples of homeostasis include the regulation of temperature and the balance between acidity and alkalinity (pH).
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Uses of Energy
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Movement metabolism response to stimuli |
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Laws of Thermodynamics
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1st Law- Conservation of energy. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, just transferred 2nd Law- Loss of useful energy. Energy is converted from one form to another, the amount of useful energy decreases. Useful energy is usually in the form of heat. |
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Potential Energy
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Energy that is stored
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Kinetic Energy
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Energy that is working
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Photosynthesis |
Means life. |
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Reactions
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See Diagram in notes |
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C3 and C4 cycle/plant
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Adapted to different environmental conditions. ex. C3 do well under cooler and wetter conditions where a C4 does better under dry and hot conditions. |
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Chloroplast
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organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts absorb sunlight and use it in conjunction with water and carbon dioxide gas to produce food for the plant
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Mitochondria
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organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layers (cristae).
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How Evolution Happens (cause list)
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Mutation- Ultimate source of genetic variability Gene Flow- Spreads variability between populations. Small Population- Cause sudden changes from lack of gene redundancy- genetic drift Non random mating Natural Selection |
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Hardy-Weinberg principle (Equilibrium principle)
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Equilibrium population is a hypothetical case where evolution does not occur
Conditions: No mutation No immigration or emigration of genes between population Large population Reproduction completely random No natural selection . |
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Genetic drift effects and types |
Bottleneck- tends to reduce variability in a small population. Founder Effect- Tends to increase variation between populations. occurs when new colony is founded by few members of the original population. |
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Natural Selection Influences |
Directional- Giraffes-favor one extreme Stabilizing-Giraffes, sickle-cell (polymorphism) -favors both Disruptive- Adaptions to different habits- favors medium |
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Causes of Natural Selection |
Adaptation---Best for survive and reproduce Competition predations (co-evolultion)--who eats who Symbiosis (commensalism, parasitism, mutualism) Sexual Selection Alturism--sacrificing for a bigger picture. Soldiers for America. |
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Causes for extinction |
Localized distribution and overspecialization Biotic interactions (competition, predations, parasitism) Habitat change and destruction |
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Analogous structures |
Not structurally similar ex. chicken wings and insect wings |
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Homologous Structures |
Structures that are similar ex. bat wings and bird wings |
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Vestigial Structures |
Structures with no apparent function ex. boa with a hindlimb |
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Convergent Evolution |
Unrelated species becoming more similar |
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Divergent Evolution |
Mutations and different selective pressures cause population to evolve along dissimilar paths. |
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Natural Selection |
Process by where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. |
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Coevolution |
The influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution |
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Directional Selection |
Favors one extreme |
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Stabilizing Selection |
Favors both extremes |
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Equilibrium population |
a hypothetical case where evolution does not occur |
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Founder effect |
when a colony is founded by a small group of the same origin |
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Population bottleneck |
tends to reduce variability in a small population |
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Gene pool |
is the set of all genes or genetic information, in any population, usually of a particular species. |
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Artificial Selection |
Briefing animals for the values us humans want. Milk cow for milk. German shepherd for a guard dog. |
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Earliest life |
Estimated at 3.5 billion years ago |
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Ages of earth |
Estimated at 4.5 billion years ago |
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Virus |
Molecule of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat |
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Viroid |
Virus without protein coat Plant disease- avocado sun blotch |
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Prion |
Replicates without genetic material Mad cow |
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Video name, author, and key points |
Evolutionary arms race Author: PBS Key concepts: Organisms that aspire to adapt and reproduce The cost of certain adaptations Trying to work with evolution and not against it |
