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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Systems
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A set of components that function and interact in a regular, predictable way. They can be isolated for the purpose of observation.
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Open System + Example
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Exchange matter and energy with surroundings.
Ex. Johnson Creek |
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Closed System + Example
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Exchange of energy but not matter with surroundings.
Ex. Biosphere 2 |
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Isolated System
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Exchange neither of matter or energy with surroundings.
Ex. Island |
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Inputs + Examples
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Things entering a system.
Ex. Matter, energy, information |
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Flow
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Pressure of elements within the system at certain rates
(Transfer and Transformation) |
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Stores
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Within a system where matter, energy, information can accumulate for a length of time (stocks)
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Outputs
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Elements flowing out of a system into "sinks" in the environment
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P.P.M
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Parts per Million
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Transfers
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Flow through the system involving a change in location.
Ex. Water process |
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Transformation
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Lead to interactions in the system, changes of state or forming new end productions.
Ex. Decomposition |
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Thermodynamics (2 laws)
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Study of energy.
Law #1: Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it can never be created or destroyed. Law #2: With every energy transfer or transformation energy dissipates (heat) so energy available to do work decreases. |
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Feedback Loops
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Self regulation of natural systems.
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Positive Feedback
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A run-away cycle (vicious cycle)
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Negative Feedback
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On change leads to a result that lessens the original change.
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Equilibrium
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End point or equalization.
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Steady State Equilibrium
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Constant changes in all directions to maintain a constant state (no net change).
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Static Equilibrium
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No change at all.
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Biotic + Examples
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A living part of an ecosystem.
Ex. Plants, parasites, animals, disease |
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Abiotic + Examples
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A non-living part of an ecosystem.
Ex. Water, air, temperature, sunlight, pH |
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Population
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A group of individuals from a certain species.
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Community + Example
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Interacting groups of populations in an area.
Ex. Various plant species |
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Species + Example
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A group of individuals who can interbreed to produce fertile, viable offspring.
Ex. Oregon Grape |
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Niche + Examples
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The role of an organism in its environment.
Ex. Predator, consumer |
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Habitat
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Where an organism typically lives.
Ex. Oaks Bottom |
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Community Structure
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Spacial distribution, physical appearance, species richness and diversity, species abundance, niche structure, .
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Transition Zones
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Sharp edges or broad ecotones.
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Biodiversity Communities + Examples
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Top species and rich environments.
Ex. Tropical Rainforest, Coral Reefs, Deep Sea, Large tropical lakes. |
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Factors that Increase Diversity (3)
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1. Latitude - equator
2.Depth 3. Pollution |
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Keystone Species
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Species that are important than their abundance or biomass suggests.
Ex. Sea Otters |
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Indicator Species
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Species that serve as early warnings of damage in a community
Ex. Gray Squirrel |
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Species Competition
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Competition between members of the same species, for reasources and territory.
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Inter-specific Competition
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Two or more species compete for food, space, sunlight, water, etc.
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Fundamental Niche Overlap (4)
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1. One must migrate is possible.
2. Shift feeding habits or behavior (evolve). 3. Suffer a sharp population decline. 4.Become extinct |
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Fundamental Niche
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Potentially occupied by that species.
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Methods of Competition.
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1. Interference
2. Exploitation |
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Allelopathy + Example
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Inhibiting other plants with chemicals.
Ex.Buttercup |
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Competitive Excusion Principle
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one species takes down another in an area through competition for resources.
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Avoiding Competition
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Dividing of scarce resources to species to species at different times, methods of use, and location. Species occupy realized niche.
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Sessile
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Organism stays in one place
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Predation Strategies
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1. Herbivores- sessile prey, no need to hurry.
2. Chemical Warfare 3. Warning Coloration $. Behavioral Strategies |
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Parasitism + Examples
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When one species feed on part of another organism without killing it.
1. Usually Smaller than the host 2. Closely associated with the host 3. Draws nourishment from and slowly weakens host. 4. Rarely kills host. Ex. Tapeworms, ticks, fleas, fungi |
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Mutualism + Example
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Both species benifit. Pollination, nurishment, and protection are main benifits.
Ex. Lichen |
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Commersalism + Example
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One species benifits from another, neither is harmed nor helped.
Ex. Plants growing the the shade of trees |
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Sustains an Ecosystem
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1. Sun
2. Biochemical cycles 3. Biological Interactions |
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Tropic Levels
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Feeding levels
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Ecological Pyramid
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1. Pyramid of numbers = measured by population survey
2. Pyramid of biomass = measured by dry weight biomass 3. Pyramid of Energy = Measured with calorimetry (kJ m-2) |
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Population Characteristics
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1. Size
2. Density 3. Dispersion 4. Age Distribution 5. Clumped, Uniform, Random |
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Limiting Factors to Population Growth
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Birth, Death, Immigration, Emigration
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High Population (r)
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1. Reproduce early in life
2. Short generation time 3. Multiple reproduction events 4. Many offspring each time |
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Environmental Resistance
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All factor which limit the growth of population.
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Carrying Capacity (k)
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Number of organisms that can live and thrive in a population.
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Minimum Values (r)
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Some individuals may not find mates, genetics weak, genetic diversity drops. MVP
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Exponential Growth
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Starts slow and then increases faster and faster. J-curve. Occurs with few of no resource limitations. Positive Feedback
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Logistic Growth
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Slower growth, plateaus at carrying capacity. S-curve.
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External Factors
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Competition,predation, parasitism. Disease.
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Internal Factors
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Re-productivity effects, territory size.
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Late Loss
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K-strategist
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Early Loss
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R-strategist
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Mark and Recapture Method
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(# marked in the first catch) (# marked in the second catch) / # recaptured in the second
Used for wildlife |
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Quadrat Method
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(Mean # per quadrant) (total area) / Area of each quadrant
Used for plants |
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Percent Cover
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Space within the quadrant occupied by each species
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Cellular Reparation
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To break down food to release energy nessary for vital life process
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Productivity
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Making something per unit area per unit time
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Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
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The rate at which energy is captured during Photosynthesis.
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Productivity in Photosynthesis
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In tissue growth or oxygen growth.
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Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
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The amount of energy remaining after accounting for the cellular respiration.
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Equation for NPP
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NPP = GPP - R
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Gross Secondary Productivity
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Total gain in energy or biomass per unit area per unit time by consumers corresponds, (food eaten - fecal loss)
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Net Secondary Productivity
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Total gain in energy or biomass per unit area per unit time by consumers following losses by respiration.
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NSP Equation
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NSP = GSP - R
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Measure Productivity
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Dry weight biomass production or oxygen gas production.
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