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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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World Population in 2007
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6.6 billion
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Montreal Protocol
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international action aimed at ending release for chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants
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Kyoto Protocol
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addressed global climate change; aimed at reucing CO2 emissions and other greehouse gases
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Climate of Desert
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very dry; hot days and cold nights
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Rain in the Desert
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less than 10 in/yr
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Soil in the Desert
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thin and porous
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Rainfall in the Grasslands
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seasonal rain; 10-60 in/yr
frequent fires |
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Soil in the Grasslands
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rich and often deep
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Rain in Tropical Rain Forests
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frequent and heavy; over 95 in/yr
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Climate in Tropical Rain Forest
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no seasons; year long warm temperature
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Soil in the Tropical Rain Forests
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thin and poor in nutrients
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Climate in the Temperate Forests
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below freezing in winter; warm and humid summers
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Rain in the Temperate Forests
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30-80 in/year
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Soil in Temperate Forests
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well developed
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Climate in Coniferous Forests
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long and cold winters
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Rain in Coniferous Forests
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light in winter; heavier in the summer
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Soil in Coniferous Forests
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acidic; lots of humus and litter
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Climate of Tundra
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COLD; 8-10 week growing season with long days and moderte temperatures
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Rain in Tundra
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very little
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Soil in Tundra
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thin and under permafrost
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Trophic Level with most Biomass
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tertiary consumers
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Organic Molecules are
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carbon based molecules that make up the tissues of living organisms
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1st Law of Thermodynamics
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Energy is neither created nor destroyed; it may be converted into different forms
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2nd Law of Thermodynamics
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In any energy conservation, some usable energy is lost mostly as heat
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Entropy
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loss of usable energy to heat
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Nitrogen fixation
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bacteria and cyanobacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonium
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Denitrification
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microbes use nitrate as a substitute for oxygen; returns nitrogen into atmosphere
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Nitrification
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ammonia is converted into nitrite, then to nitrate
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Assimilation
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plants absorb ammonium ions ans nitrate and make DNA, amino acids, and protiens
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Low Recruitment
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high mortality of young
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High Recuitment
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low mortality of young
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Intraspecific Competition
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competition of members between the same species
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Interspecfic Competition
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competion between members of different species
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Speciation
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process by which populations of one species seperates and new species develop
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Convection Currents
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rising and falling of molten materials within the earth
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Convergent Boundaries
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where plates come together; forms mountains or islands
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Divergent Boundaries
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plates move apart; forms mid-oceanic ridges
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transform boudaries
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plates slide past each other; form fault and earthquakes
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IPAT Formula
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Environmental (I)mapct = (P)opulation * (A)ffluence * (T)echnology
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Population momentum
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population will continue to grow/decrease even after total ferility rate = replacement rate
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Precent Increase Caulation
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Crude births - crude death = natural increase /10 = precent increase per year
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Thomas Malthus
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discovered that populations tend to grow exponentially while agriculture grows linearly
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International Confereence on Population and Development
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focused on issues of poverty, population growth, and development
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Aral Sea
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salt water lake that now has three times the salinity of the ocean because of overuse
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Adiabiatic Cooling
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process where air cools and expands
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Abdiatic Warming
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when cool air decends
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Hadley Cells
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the circle made up of the warming and cooling of air
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Ogallala is used
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to supply 1/5 of America's water
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___% of the Earth's water is freshwater
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less than 1%
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As air warm it is
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delfected from the equator
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O Horizon
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topmost layer of soil, contains dead organic matter, dark and rich
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A Horizon
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another top most layer, mix of humus and soil below
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E Horizon
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Zone of Eluviation, water leaches through this layer
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B Horizon
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subsoil, has iron, aluminum, calcium that leach down
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C Horizon
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parent rock; saturated in groundwater
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Mollisols
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fertile, dark soil; found in grasslands, best ag soil
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Oxisols
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in tropical and subtropical rain forests; lots of organic material, infertile
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Alfisols
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in moist, temperate biomes; adequate for ag
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Aridsols
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in drylands and deserts; thin and light colored; lots of sand; suseptiable to salinization
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Alley Cropping
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trees are planted in strips with crops in between
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Shelter Belts
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trees are planted around crops
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Contour Farming
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terracing; when crops are planted in slopes like stairs
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Strip Cropping
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alternating rows of different crop types
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Conservation Reserve Program
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pays farmers to turn their crop land into forests and grasses
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Igneous Rock
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forms when magma cools
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Clastic Sedimentary Rock
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when rock is weathered, eroded, transported and deposited to form sedimentary rock
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Non-clastic Sedimentary Rock
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when minerals chemically replace items like bone or wood to form sedimentary rock
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Metamorphic rock
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when exsisting rock is put under extreme heat and pressure
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Lacey Act
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forbids interstate to transport illegally killed wildlife
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Endandgered Species Act
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makes it illegal to kill, trap, uproot, modify the habitat of, or engage in commerce of endangered species
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CITES
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foucused on trade of wildlife and it's parts
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CBD
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international agreement that calls on various actions to protect the world's biodiversity
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Caspian Sea seals
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were killed by a infection that was spread by dogs
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Restoration
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Reclamation
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Garrett Hardin
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wrote essay The Tragedy of the Commons
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Shelter-wood Cutting
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removing mature trees
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Seed-tree Cutting
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removing all the small trees
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Zooanthellae
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endosymbiotic algae living in corals
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El Nino
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warming of the ocean surface waters
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Cyanide
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used to stun fish in coral reefs
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Second Growth Forests
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most common forest in US
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Turbogenerator
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most common way to get electricity
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Production electricity is
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30% efficent
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Primary Recovery
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conventional pumping that removes 25% of oil
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Secondary Recovery
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inject brine or steam into oil well, pressure brings out 50% more oil
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Population of the US
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300 million people
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Stages of coal
In order of most moisture to least |
peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite
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Oil Shale
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when heated to 1,100 degrees F produces a crude oil
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Kerogen
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crude oil produces by heated oil shale
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Oil Sands
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tar like substance that wehn heated can be refined
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Cogeneration
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using one source of energy to produce heat and electrical energy
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Persian Gulf Region
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65% of all proven oil reserves
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Largest coal reserves
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China
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Years of proven coal left
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225 years
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Cleanest source of energy in US
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natural gas
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