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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the different physical traces?
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1) by products of use
2) adaptations for use 3) displays of self 4) public messages |
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What are the different kind of by products of use?
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erosions
left overs missing traces |
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What are the adaptations for use?
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props
separations connections |
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What are displays of self?
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personalization
identification group membership |
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What are public messages?
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official
unofficial illegitimate |
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What are erosions?
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use can wear away parts of the environment:
ex: grass is trampled from people walking on it -grooves are cut into the top of a butcher's block table |
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What are left overs?
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physical objects as the result of some activities that get left behind
Ex: cigarettes in ashtrays after a party -dishtowels hung on kitchen-cabinet knobs next to a sink -indicate activities that have been planned for, such as parties, or unplanned for, such as residents eating soup in their rooms |
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What do leftovers help locate?
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1) places that accommodate planned activities
2) places that only partly accommodate expected activities 3) places that are used in unanticipated ways |
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What are missing traces?
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-erosions and leftovers in settings tell us about what people do, but doesn't tell us what people do NOT do
ex: apt balconies with no chair to sit on -office with nothing on the wall or table to betray the occupant's individuality demonstrate missing traces |
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What can inquiries about traces that are missing uncover?
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WHY ARE THEY MISSING? you can get to the bottom of what is wrong with the environment that way
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What are props?
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when users add things to or remove things from a setting, they create new opportunities for activity
ex: woodburning stove installed in someone's apartment living room -play equipment added to an empty lot to change it into a playground |
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What does it mean if someone adds props?
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-may reflect a particular user's idiosyncratic wants, such as the living room stove, or they may reflect more normative behavior common to a larger group
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What are separations?
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-separate spaces formerly together, increasing such qualities as privacy, control, and darkness or more sharply dividing territories:
ex: ground-floor apartments with covered over windows -keep out sign |
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What are connections?
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-physical adaptations for use may connect two places, enabling people to interact in new ways
ex: holes that teenagers strategically cut in a playground fence to enable people to take a short cut -windows cut into doors so they can see through who is coming so they dont bump into them |
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What is personalization?
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-people use environments to express their uniqueness and individuality
ex: style of furniture, trinkets on the windowsill, silly signs on businesspeople's desk -shows that they are different from their neighbors |
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What is identification?
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people use their environments to enable others to identify them more easily:
ex: name of students on school lockers, initals on commercially bought sun awnings for homes -people's individual street signs, even if they are just numbers |
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What is group membership?
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-displays of membership in formal groups and organizations
ex: religious, academic, fraternal, political, ethnic, cultural, professional -religious statues on front lawns, professional diplomas -car bumpers, hs jackets -ads on race cars |
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What are official public messages?
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public messages that are erected by institutions
ex: ad signs, names of commercial establishments, place names |
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What are unofficial messages?
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-communicate publicly by means of settings not designed specifically for that purpose
-usually announce short-term events and are often accepted and even expected on surfaces in public places -theater placards on wooden walls surrounding construction sites -lost cat signs |
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What are illegitimate messages?
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-messages to the general public which are not planned for
-adaptive changes are not made, and which, sometimes expected not usually approved of graffiti |
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What is Hard Architecture?
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Tough, impersonal, windowless buildings with graffiti-resistant walls, usually associated with prisons, mental-hospitals, and other secure structures.
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What are biomes?
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climatically and geographically defined similar climatic conditions
ex: tundra, tropical rainforest, pond, coral reef, |
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What is a habitat?
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ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal or plants
-natural environment in which an organism lives, or the physical environment that surrounds (influences and is utilized) by a species population |
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What is bio-ecology?
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studies relationship between organism and environment
ex: field studies of lant and animal biomes over extended periods |
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What is human ecology?
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-study of relationship between people and their urban ecosystems emphasizing on
-biological and economic process of adaptation -spatial distribution of health and behavioral problems |
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What is Social ecology?
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-study of the relations between people and their environment from a broad, interdisciplinary perspective that gives greater attention to the:
-social -psychological -institutional -cultural context of people environmental relations than did earlier human ecology research Interdisciplinary Analysis of Social and Environmental Problems: -Human Behavior & Well-being -Crime/ Law -Community & Environment -How these all intersect |
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What is environmental psychology?
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study of the relationships between people and their everyday socio-physical environment
ex: natural and human made or built environments--even internet or virtual environments -focus on dynamic, reciprocal transactions between people and places with a strong emphasis on the role of psychological behavioral processes -interdisciplinary and is part of a broader field environment-behavior studies -emphasizes both basic research and community problem solving |
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What are the factors that contribute to the obesity crisis?
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-Increased Supply and Decreased Price of Food
-Growth of the Restaurant and Fast Food Industry -New Technologies in the Home Including Microwave Ovens -Urban Sprawl and Decreased Levels of Physical Activity -Increased Taxes on Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products -Greater Participation of Women in the Labor Force -places that have more fast food, more urban sprawl, more working mothers correlates with higher rates of obesity |
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What is congruence?
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the degree of fit or compatibility between people's goals, needs, cultural norms and activities, and the physical and social conditions present in their environments
-fit between people and their environments has an important bearing on their emotional and physical well being |
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What are dysfunctional environments?
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those that obstruct rather than support the activities and needs of their occupants
ex: pruitt igoe, st. louis and airplane over LA school |
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What are examples of synergistic sources of global change and destabilization?
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-internet and digital communication technologies
-planetary warming, environmental pollution, and depletion of natural resources -widening disparities among different socioeconomic, racial, religious and ethnic groups |
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What are third places?
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the core settings of informal public life
-public places that host the regular, voluntary, informal, and happily anticipated gatherings of individuals beyond the realms of home and work |
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What are hybrid places?
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-computer workers at starbucks
-combining the functions of second and third places home office adjacent to bedroom -combining the functions of second and first places |
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What are synchronous local and remote?
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synchronous local is when you are having a face to face meeting
synchronous remote is when you have a video conference or telephone conference |
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What is asynchronous local and asynchronous remote?
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Asynchronous local
-leave note on colleague's desk Asynchronous remote -email or voice mail |
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What is human environment transaction?
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two phases of transaction:
active and reactive two forms of transaction -cognitive and behavioral Four types of transactions: 1) Interpretive 2) Operative 3) Evaluative 4) Responsive |
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What is Interpretive?
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active/cognitive
-cognitive representation of the spatial environment -personality and the environment Ex: Music perception and preferences |
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What is evaluative?
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active/behavioral
-their evaluation of the situation against predefined standards of quality -Experimental analysis of ecologically relevant behavior -Human spatial behavior (Proxemics) Ex: like or dislike of music/noise |
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What is operative?
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reactive/cognitive
-their movement through or direct impact on the environment -Environmental attitudes -Environmental assessment Ex: Playing music to relax or create a certain mood |
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What is responsive mode?
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reactive/behavioral
-the environment's effects on their behavior and well-being -Impact of the physical environment -Ecological psychology Ex: Effects of music on personal behavior, social interaction, and physiology |
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What are some assumptions about the relationship between people and their surroundings (human environment transaction)?
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1) human environment interaction is reciprocal.
-they respond as well as change their environment 2) people's transaction with environment are guided by personal goals and plans 3) human-environment transactions occur within specific places and setting--its then associated with that specific pattern for human activity ex: grocery store 4) the more complex the environmental context of the behavior, the greater the range of factors--psychological, social, cultural, architectural--that affect people's relationship with their surroundings |
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What does it mean to have high person environment fit?
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-the situation or setting supports personal needs and golas
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What does it mean to have low person environment fit?
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these goals are blocked by environmental constraints
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What is Optimization?
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When you are able to change your environment and surroundings or add on to it
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What is adaptation?
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passive adaptation is when you aren't really able to change your environment because you are stuck or you keep moving
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What is sociofugal environment?
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people are not encouraged to socialize together
ex: rows of chairs at the airport |
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What is sociopetal environments?
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brings people together to interact
ex: a round table |
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What is the systems theory?
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-basically concerned with problems of relationships, of structure, and of interdependence rather than with the constant attributes of objects
-resembles field theory except that its dynamics deal with temporal as well as spatial patterns -living systems whether biological organisms or social organizations are acutely dependent upon their external environment and so must be conceived of as open systems |
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What is social network?
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consists of all the connections and ties within a group or collection of groups
-group is a collection of individuals defined by a common attribute (it need not contain information about connections) |
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What is a dyad?
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the simplest network is a dyad or pair
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What are social ecological models of health and behavior?
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1) cross disciplinary, multi level analyses
2) Systems Principles: especially feedback loops, interdependence of system elements, anticipating unintended side effects of interventions 3) emphasis on contextual influences on people-environment relationships; joint influence of people's physical and social environments on their health and behavior 4) Action research perspective- translation of theory and research findings into community interventions and public policies |
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What are the four things about environmental psychology that's different from social ecology?
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1)its emphasis on the large scale environment and the interdependence between physical and social dimensions of places
2)its interdisciplinary scope 3)its community problems orientation 4)its theoretical emphasis on the psychological processes reflected in the connections between people and places |
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What societal trends contributed to the development of environmental psychology during the 1960s and 1970s?
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-Roger barker (1960) launched a systematic study of “behavior settings” places in which patterns of human activity recur on a regular predictable basis
-defined the environment as stimuli-which were amenable to isolation and observation within the laboratory -behavior were defined in terms of the response of individuals specific to specific stimuli, rather than as the complex pattern of human activity that occur during naturalistic settings -the “Doomsday” prediction, such as: - the shrinkage of natural resources -the deterioration of environmental quality -prompted widespread concern about the constraints of the ecological environment -psychologists became increasingly involved in studying its impact on behavior |
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Describe the "gap" between environmental designers, building developers/ owners, and the "end-users"--the people who actually live or work in the buildings owned by the developers. What are some of the problems that arise because of this gap?
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-sometimes the designers don’t talk with the end users so they come up with something beautiful, but totally not functional.
-they don’t talk to environmental psychologists and sometimes make buildings that create more crime, even though it may be cheaper. They then have to knock it all down because it is un-livable. |
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What was the chicago school of human ecology?
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-Behavior is perceived as “normal” when it is consistent with the norms associated with one’s functional roles in society, and with one’s physical environment, societal mores and laws
-The relationships between human populations and the economic base of the city are homeostatic--changes in the economic base, like those prompted by rapid industrialization and processes of in- and out-migration, lead to higher rates of abnormal behavior -The highest rates of behavioral and health disorders are found in the “zone in transition” near the center of the city; the rates of disorder decrease as one moves further from the city center |
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Firey's sociocultural school of human ecology
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-some people didn’t want to expand their neighborhood economy because it meant destroying the symbolic meaning of their space
-“emphasis on the symbolic and sentimental vs. solely economic functions of space” |
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What are the concentric zone theory of urban disorders
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-crime rates and mental disorders were in the center of the concentric circles
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What is Physiological stress?
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Environmental Demands exceed the body’s Capacity to cope with those demands
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What is Psychological stress?
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-Perceived environmental demands exceed the individuals’ perceived capacity to cope with those demands
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What is deviation countering systems?
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-system processes operate to minimize departures from equilibrium and regain equilibrium whenever it is lost
-ex: thermostat: keeps the temperature at the set degree |
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What is deviation amplifying systems?
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-system processes operate to increase and maintain departures from equilibrium
-vicious cycles and compound interests ex: conductor criticizes violinist during practice—negative: violinist plays poorly during orchestra concerts—then back to conductor criticizing violinist during practice -accumulation of capital in the industry -evolution of living organisms |
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What is environmental racism?
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-any environmental policy, practice, or directive that differentially affects or disadvantages (whether intended or unintended) individuals, groups, or communities based on race or color; environmentl racism is a form of environmental injustice
-physical environmental fact: high levels of air and water pollution in one’s neighborhood-->biomedical fact: ELEVATED cancer among residents social fact: environmental racism |
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What is internal check?
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-ritualized displays of aggression
-dominance hierarchy -territoriality -migration of subordinates |
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What is external checks?
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-amount of food available
-predation by other animals -physical factors such as climate -mortality from disease |
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What is behavior setting?
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-people in a specific environment performing certain activities at designated times
-what are the defining features of a behavior setting? -explain what it meant by understaffing and overstaffing? -what systems principles are reflected in the day to day functioning of behavior settings |
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What are the core assumptions of the Chicago School's concentric zone theory of urban disorders? Discuss William Michelson's criticisms of the Chicago School of human ecology.
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-can’t apply the concentric
zone model to other cities -outdated kind of because no one moves somewhere to specifically work in factories 1. Establish criteria for identifying and distinguishing among multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary forms of scientific collaboration 2.Develop a conceptual model that posits key antecedents, intermediate processes, and outcomes of transdisciplinary research and suggests criteria for measuring those facets of scientific collaboration 3.Implement a series of structured exercises and team interventions, based on the conceptual model, that are designed to facilitate effective transdisciplinary collaboration 4.Conduct a participant-observation case study to record the content, affective qualities, and scientific outcomes of informal team discussions and regularly-scheduled TTURC-wide meetings; and assess the effectiveness of team interventions aimed at facilitating successful transdisciplinary collaboration 5.Analyze and interpret the survey, observational, and archival data gathered during this study to develop a theory of transdisciplinary scientific collaboration that can serve as a guide for future cross-disciplinary research in the field of tobacco use and beyond. |
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How is the concept of psychological stress reflected in the distinctions between noise vs. music, and spatial density vs. the experience of crowding?
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Noise vs. music: we are unable to control the noise, but with music you can change it to be softer
Spatial density vs. experience of crowding: -crowding is when your personal space is invaded or there is too much stimulation but spatial density is when there are a lot of people, but you don't feel crowded because maybe the lights are dimmer and you don't feel people in your personal space |
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What is a stressor?
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environmental demands that tax or exceed the individual's adaptive capacity
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. In what ways are the assumptions of systems theory reflected in: (1) Wynne- Edwards' analysis of territoriality in animal populations, (2) Barker's and Wicker's discussion of behavior settings, and (3) Milgram's analysis of the experience of living in cities?
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Wynne-edwards: self regulating systems in animal populations
-analysis of systems principle in the regulation of population size Barker and Wicker’s discussion of behavior settings: an introduction to ecological psychology -analysis of behavior settings as “eco-behavioral” systems Milgram: “the experience of living in cities” -analysis of individual’s efforts to cope with urban overload |
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What is physical distance?
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the spatial separation between the front doors of neighbors' apartment
(social contact and friendship formation) |
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What is functional distance?
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the patterning of people's movement
(social contacts and friendship formation) |
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What is environmental determinism?
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the assumption that physical and social environments exert a direct and substantial influence on human development, social behavior, and health
how the environment can influence friendships and health behaviors |
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What is cross disciplinary research?
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a process through which the perspectives of two or more scientific or professional fields are combined to achieve a more complete understanding of a particular phenomenon
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What are some factors that reduce the effect of spatial proximity on friendship formation?
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1) heterogeneity among neighbors
2) little need for mutual assistance among neighbors 3) affluence and geographic mobility 4) access to the internet and digital communications technologies |
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What are the key concepts within the ecological paradigm?
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• Major Units of Analysis - the ecosystem, biome, habitat,
behavior setting • Processes of People-Environment Adaptation - web of life, struggle for existence, natural selection, survival of the fittest, highest and best use of land; homeostasis, disequilibrium, and stress • Methodological Assumptions - emphasis on aggregates and populations, macro level of analysis; unobtrusive observation of species in their natural habitat over extended periods; analyses of objective vs. subjective data |
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What is environmental justice?
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…the fair treatment and meaningful
involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies Ex: Environmental Injustice--a contextual factor that may help account for the uneven spatial distribution of airport noise and children’s blood pressure in urban areas |
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What is stimulation overload?
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…a system’s inability to process inputs from
the environment because there are too many inputs and/or the inputs come too quickly --milgram |
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How do you cope with urban overload?
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allocate less time for each input
disregard low priority inputs shift social burdens to others block inputs; use screening devices filter out strong involvements create institutions to handle the load |
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What is the differentiated in systems theory?
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in social systems, structures tend to become more laborated rather than less differentiated
-rich may grow richer and poor may grow poorer -open systems move in the direction of differentiation and elaboration -diffuse global patterns are replaced by more specialized functions |
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What is negative entropy?
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-universal law of nature in which all forms of organization move toward disorganization or death
-by importing more energy from its environment than it expends, can store energy and can acquire negative entropy -the trend is then people import energy from environment and save it, so they can maximize its ratio of imported to expended energy to survive during periods of crisis ex: prisoners in concentration camps will save any form of energy expenditure to make the limited food intake go as far as possible |
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What is cognitive mapping?
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The process by which people acquire and use information about the spatial environment
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What is cognitive schema?
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-a mental representation of the world around us… a schema provides symbolic categories with which we can make predictions about the environment and evaluate alternative plans of action
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What is a cognitive map?
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-a mental representation of the spatial environment and its organization
-in humans, cognitive maps are measured or externalized by asking individuals to provide sketch maps of particular environments Toleman’s research on Cognitive Maps in rats -rats had cognitive maps because when they ran through the same path, even with a new path, they tried the same path to get to the food |
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What is the difference of object vs. environment perception?
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Objects require subjects
-in contrast, one cannot be a subject of an environment, only a participant in it Also, unlike objects environments : -surround the individual -engage in multiple sense modalities Ex: feel, smell, see, -offer peripheral information -environment perception always nolves action -convey symbolic meanings and messages -have an ambiance or atmosphere |
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What is urban imageability?
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-those qualities of a physical object or environment that give it a high probability of evoking a strong image or memory in an observer
-makes it more memorable |
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What is legibility of environments?
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the easy with which the parts an environment can be recognized and organized into a coherent pattern
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What are landmarks?
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-anther type of point reference but in this case the observer does not enter within them,
they are external Ex: simply defined physical object: building, sign, store or mountain |
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What are Paths?
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-channels along which the observer moves
Ex: streets, walkways, transit lines, canals, railroads |
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What are Nodes?
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-points, the strategic spots in a city into which an observer can enter, and which are the intensive foci to and from which he is traveling
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What are edges?
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-linear elements not used or considered as paths by the observer
-they are the boundaries between two phases shores, railroad cuts, edges of development, walls |
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What are districts?
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-medium to large sections of the city, conceived of as having two dimensional extent
-observer can mentally enters “inside of” |
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What is social imageability?
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-the capacity of an environment to evoke vivid and widely shared social meanings among occupants of the setting
-“ the perception of a city is a social fact and as such needs to be studied in its collective as well as its individual aspect…it is not only what exists but what is highlighted by the community that acquires salience in the mind of the person” |
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What is physical imageability?
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how different the building looks
-a high imageability neighborhood has more oddly shaped buildings instead of rectangular because rectangular buildings are not as memorable -social imageability is that people remember it because it has a symbolic meaning or a social reason why it is memorable there, even if it looks mundane |
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What is the last walk technique?
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-if it was their last walk in Paris before the exile, where would they go?
-it shows where they are emotionally attached to in Paris |
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What is sensation seeking personality?
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-people with sensation seeking personality mediates stressor effects
-“among low sensation seekers, high-negative life change subjects had higher distress scores than those who had experienced low levels of negative change” -more sensation seeking personality resist depression |
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What is psycholgoical hardiness and health?
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-if they change the way they think about stress, make it more of a challenge and a positive development, they are healthier
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What are self directed identity claims?
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-symoblic statements made by an occupant, ex: through physical displays, for his or her own benefit, intended to reinforce one’s self views
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What are other directed identity claims?
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-symbolic statements made by an individual to others (through physical displays about how he or she would like to be regarded
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What is interior behavioral residue?
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-physical traces of activities conducted by a person in his or her immediate environment
-ex: what do they do in that place/ environment? -for example, seeing a guitar or weights and know that they play guitar there or lift weights |
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What is exterior behavioral residue?
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-physical traces of activities performed by people outside their immediate surroundings
Ex: snowboards, know the don’t snowboard in the house, but outside somewhere else |
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What personal, social, and environmental factors have been found to influence the detail and accuracy of cognitive maps?
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Social: people who are more affluent have more detailed and greater cognitive maps than less affluent people
-it’s because people with higher socioeconomic status have been more places, and spent more time outside in the area |
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Discuss some environmental planning principles that are suggested by research on cognitive mapping.
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imageability:
-the quality of a place that makes it distinct, recognizable, and memorable. A place has high imageability when specific physical elements and their arrangement capture attention, evoke feelings, and create a lasting impression |
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How are the personality traits of hardiness and stimulation-seeking related to physical and emotional health outcomes, especially when people are exposed to environmental stressors in their day-to-day lives?
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They become less stressed out with stressors.
-the more sensation seeking they are, the more they resist depression |
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What is transformational coping?
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-where one can decrease the stressfulness of circumstances through cognitively and emotionally exploring one’s appraisals of them so as to reach braoder perspective and deeper understsanding an dusing the information gained in this way to develop and carry out decisive, problem solving action plans
-the second part of the hardiness training is to have the motivation to use the transformational coping skills |
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What are the techniques for transformational coping?
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situational reconstruction- stretches the imagination to facilitate a broader perspective on and deepened understanding of the stressor, focusing involves exploring bodily sensations for personal and emotionally based insights, and compensatory self improvement
-aids one in accepting unchangeable situations without becoming bitter or falling into self pity |
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What are the Psychological components of Hardiness?
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1) Commitment
2) Control 3) challenge |
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What is internal control?
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individual believes that his/her behavior is guided by his/her personal decisions and efforts
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What is external control?
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individual believes that his/her behavior is guided by fate, luck, or other external circumstances
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What is environmental evaluation?
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-processes by which individuals and groups judge the quality of their soundings
-do they like it or not? |
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What is environmental attitude?
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-the tendency to respond favorably or unfavorably toward one’s surroundings, reflected in one’s emotions, beliefs and behaviors
-if you don’t like it, may move from it |
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What is environmental assessment?
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-concerned not only with people’s attitudes toward their present surroundings, but also with their preferences about the shape of future environments
-judgments made about the quality of specific places; focus on both the physical and social aspects of places, and on people’s preferences for future as well as existing environments; can be made by groups as well as individuals |
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What are the factors that influence the results of environmental assessment?
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1) environmental unit of study: campground? Classroom?
2) Media of presentation: use CAD, have them walk through—but does not show how it affects airflow or traffic, only asthetic features 3)Observers’ Characteristics 4) Measurement Tools and criteria- make sure valid and reliable |
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What is environmental simulation?
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-process by which observers are provided with previews of future environments;
Ex: scale models and full scale simulations, as well as static and dynamic simulations -mostly only shows the visual features only |
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What is the social climate?
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-degree to which a setting:
1) Fosters social relationships among its members -how people know each other or get to know each other 2) Provides opportunities for personal elements -if its a huge HS, then people aren't encouraged to participate, but if it's small then they have leadership positions and encouraged to do so 3) Emphasizes organizational maintenance or change |
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What is behavioral mapping?
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-recording the physical location and sequence of individual’s behavior
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What is Post occupancy Evaluation?
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-assessments of the degree of fit between occupants’ need and environmental features, conducted after a design project has been constructed and is already in use
-too expensive to go to prior projects, that’s why most don’t do it Barriers: -POE results may be threatening -require commitment to change if needed -everyone is already overloaded -POEs require technical expertise -often viewed as an extravagance -pressures for on time, on budget performance make it difficult ot consider long term quality concerns |
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What are the criteria for deciding whether or not to fix an environmental problem?
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1)prevalence of concern—if it’s so uncomfortable, losing work time then maybe will change
2)severity of concern—not big deal vs. big distractors 3)relative financial costs of fixing vs. not fixing the problem—how costly to make changes? 4)Political considerations—see if they will actually change it |
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What is the pre-design evaluation? (PDE)
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-assessment of potential fit between occupants’ needs and environmental features, made prior to the construction of a design project
-what users think will or will not work -fit between users need before construction |
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What is reliability?
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consistency of responses across multiple tests, respondents, and testing situations
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What is validity?
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the extent to which a test or evaluative assessment measures what it claims to measure
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How do you measure the quality of an existing environment?
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1)Behavioral mapping-count how many people use the space
2)Phsycial trace analysis- watch where students walk 3)Cognitive mapping- understand what is where, or what stands out from their cognitions 4)Interviews and surveys- 5)Behavior settings inventory- overstaffed or understaffed 6)Behavior setting inventory 7)Analyses of archival data (ex: productivity, health records) 8)Physiological measures- injuries/ stress, heart rate 9)Objective recording devices to asses noise and lighting levels, temperature, traffic volume, air quality |
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Does environmental assessment research increase or reduce citizen participation in community planning decisions? Why or why not?
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-increase because it brings people together to say what’s wrong with their environment
-need to consult citizens/users before changing their environment |
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How does environment reveal personality?
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ex: room decorations, musical selections, web page content as cues for judging others personal traits
environmental cues--> judgments of personality traits |
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How does the environment shape personality?
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ex: influence of staffing levels in behavior settings on extroversion and introversion; development of place identity
environment--> personality |
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How does personality influence behavior, cognition, and well being?
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ex:
-stimulation seekers choose high stimulation settings -coronary prone pattern Personality --> behavior and well being |
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How does personality mediate the relation between environment and behavior, cognition, and well being?
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ex: psychological hardiness enables persons to resist illness during stressful life events
Environment--> Personality--> Behavior and well being |
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What are the Personality of places?
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ambiance
social climate social imageability |
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What is place identity?
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those facets of a person's identity that reflects his or her psychological attachment to a particular place;
-includes visual imagery, memories and symbolic meanings of a place that become part of the individual's self concept and personality |
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What are examples of personality traits linked to health status?
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• Internal-External Locus of Control
• Coronary-Prone (Type A) Personality • Future Time Perspective • Anxiety • Hostility • Optimism • Sense of Coherence • Sensation Seeking • Psychological Hardiness |
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What is proxemics?
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the study of humans' use of space
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What is personal space?
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-an area with an invisible boundary surrounding a person’s body into which intruders may not come
-cut down stimulation -feel stressed, do something about it if someone is in your space |
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What is territoriality?
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-a self/other boundary-regulation mechanism that involves personalization or marking of a place or object and communication that it is ‘owned’ by a person or group
-designed to regulate social interaction and to satisfy social and physical needs -defense responses sometimes occur when territorial boundaries are violated |
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What is the difference between personal space and territoriality?
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Personal space
-portable -invisibly bounded -person-centered -invasion often prompts withdrawal Territoriality -stationary -visibly bounded -place-centered -invasion often prompts defense |
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What is the difference between achieved privacy and desired privacy?
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Achieved privacy: outcome—how much privacy you actually have
Desired privacy: ideal privacy, what you want |
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What is social isolation?
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they have more privacy than they wanted
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What is crowding?
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they don’t have the privacy that they desired
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What is fixed feature?
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physical attributes of a setting that can not be readily modified by it occupants
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What is semi fixed feature?
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physical attributes of a setting that can be readily modified by its occupants
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What are the interaction zones?
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Intimate distance: 0-18 inches
Personal distance: 18-4 feet Social distance: 4-12 feet Public distance: 12-25 feet |
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What is operant conditioning?
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-any behavior by which an individual operates on his or her environment
-behavior is shaped (by reinforcement or extinguished) by its consequences |
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What is intermittent reinforcement?
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reward is given only part of the times the animal gives the desired response
-reinforcer wishes to cut down or eliminate the number of reinforcements neccessary to encourage the intended response Ex: fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval |
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What is continuous reinforcement?
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-This is an operant conditioning principle in which an organism is reinforced every single time that organism provides the appropriate operant response.
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What is provision of information?
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tell people that there is a problem, give them information
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What is feedback?
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tell them how they are doing, how much they used, direct feedback is better because you can see it automatically
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What is social praise?
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giving them smiley faces, giving them money
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What is ecological capital?
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-the earth’s natural resources and “environmental services”
Ex: freshwater, topsoil, forest lands, grasslands; Atmospheric and climatic conditions and processes necessary for life |
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What are types of ecological capital?
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1) Non Renewable resources: such as oils, minerals that are extracted from ecosystems
2) Renewable resources: such as fish, wood, drinking water that are produced and maintained by ecosystems 3) Environmental Services: including climate processes and the hydrological cycle, recycling of nutrients, generation of soils, pollination of crops, maintenance of a vast genetic library |
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What are some anti-litter prompts?
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-fees for when you litter
-making more eye catching trash cans so people won’t litter |
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Discuss some of the differences between human territorial behavior and territoriality in non-human species.
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Animal vs. Human territoriality
-scale and complexity -diversity of group membership -social vs. biological motives (breeding and feeding—fittest find food and water -humans are more social -domain territory (ex: other people, objects, ideas, music, car, homes—don’t want people messing and stealing |
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What are the key differences between primary, secondary, and public territories as defined by Altman?
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Primary: private space, for you
Secondary: informal territory but a cross between private and public space Public: any body can use it, ex: beach |
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How are the concepts of privacy, personal space, territoriality, and crowding linked in Altman's analysis of human spatial behavior?
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-privacy is what binds the four concepts together
-regulatory process by which a person makes themselves more or less accessible and open to others - personal space and territoriality are mechanisms set I motion to achieve desired levels of privacy -crowding is a social condition which privacy mechanisms have not functioned effectively, resulting in an excess of undesired social contact |
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What are some Personal space research findings?
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1) strong evidence for individual differences based on gender, personality, psychological well-being
2) strong evidence for cultural differences 3) effects of friendships and physical attractiveness 4) influence of formal vs. informal settings 5) influence of cubic as well as rectilinear space |
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What are some Territoriality Research findings?
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1) territorial markers protect rooms, tables, chairs—people won’t take your things and won’t invade your territory usually
2) the more personal the marker, the greater the protective value 3) the longer the occupancy the more elaborate the marker system 4) territorial markers of residential settings can reduce vulnerability to burglary |
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What are leverage points? High and low leverage points?
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Definition: change in output/ change in input
Low leverage point: small amount of forces cause sa small change to system behavior High leverage point: place in a system where a small amount of change force causes large amount of predictable, favorable responses |
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What things are you trying to get over with leverage points?
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Uncertainty: research shown that uncertainty over climate change reduces the frequency of “green” behavior
Mistrust- evidences shows that most people don’t believe the risk messages of scientists or government officials Denial- a substantial minority of people believe climate change is not occurring or that human activity has little or nothing to do with it, according to various polls Undervaluing Risks- a study of more than 3,000 people in 18 countries showed that many people believe environmental conditions will worsen in 25 years. While this may be true, this thinking could lead people to belive that changes can be made later Lack of control- people believe their actions would be too small to makea difference and choose to do nothing Habit- ingrained behaviors are extremely resistant to permanent change while others change slowly. Habit is the most important obstacle to pro-environment behavior In order for interventions to work, have to incorporate active and passive ways for energy conservation Active: require voluntary and sustained effort by individuals Ex: occupant turns lights on and off Passive; require no effort by the individuals exposed to them ex: occupancy sensor controls the lights |
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What are the three stages of general adaptation syndrome?
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1) Alarm
-enlargement of adrenal glands -gastrointestinal ulcers -shrinkage of thymus gland 2) resistence 3) exhaustion |
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What are the aftereffects of stressors?
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-physiological, behavioral, cognitive, social, and emotional deficits caused by a stressor, which occur after an individual’s exposure to the stressor has ceased
-increased error -ex: among physicians, nurses, air traffic controllers, drivers -greater irritability and aggressiveness -reduced sensitivity to social cues and social responsibility -greater vulnerability to disease |
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What are the additive effects of multiple stressors?
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In childhood poverty:
-poor housing -noisy crowded schools -neighborhood violence -broken families -low household income causes higher cortisol response and blood pressure |
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What are natural disasters?
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-clearly defined “low point”
-visible and extensive damage -community support -acute health impacts |
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What are technological disasters?
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-no control of whether it will affect them later down the road
-no clearly defined “low point” -damage not always visible -attribution of blame -chronic health impacts -not visible problems |
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What is the low point in environmental disasters?
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the phase of a natural disaster
when the worst damage and destruction has occurred, and after which conditions begin to improve |
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What is learned helplessness?
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-syndrome of cognitive, motivational, and emotional disturbances stemming from repeated encounters with uncontrollable events
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What is grief syndrome?
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-symptoms of psychological depression and physiological stress that often occur after individuals are involuntarily relocated from a highly valued residential environment to an unfamiliar area
-involuntary move to a unfamiliar but better area, ruins the social support network of families |
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What are some traffic calming devices?
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physical design elements such as
-speed bumps -median strips -narrow road widths -pedestrian safety signals that reduce the speed of vehicular traffic |
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Under what conditions are the negative aftereffects of environmental stressors most likely to occur?
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-people who were under the unpredictable gave up faster than predictable noise
-people with more control had better task performance than no control |
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Why would a person's exposure to high levels of ambient noise decrease his or her sensitivity to the needs of others?
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-they are on attention overload already, capacity shrinks to process info, info overloads
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How does one's involvement in social support networks affect his or her vulnerability to health problems?
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-they are better to cope with stress
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What is environmental determinism?
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The assumption that physical and social environments exert a direct and substantial influence on human development, social behavior, and health
-we shape our buildings, and then our buildings shape us |
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What is defensible space?
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-Those features of an environment that serve to bring it under the control of its occupants
-all features enable residence control over that environment |
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What are factors that enhance defensible space?
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1) clear territorial definition of space
2) Positioning of windows so that residents can survey interior and exterior public areas (surveillance for things happening around them) 3) Adoption of building forms that avoid perceived stigma and vulnerability 4) Locating residential developments in non-threatening urban areas |
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What are some design strategies for defensible spaces?
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1. Color coding of secondary territories to attach them
more clearly to primary territories 2. Site planning of buildings to create natural buffer zones that can be surveyed by residents 3. Use of elevation and landscaping to mark transitions between public and private areas 4. Establishing interaction spaces (e.g., gardens) for residents adjacent to apartment buildings |
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What is walkability?
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reflects the overall support for pedestrian travel in an area--takes into account the quality of pedestrian facilities, roadway conditions, land use patterns, community support, security, and comfort for walking
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What are some specific factors that enhance walkability?
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• Presence and quality of sidewalks and cross-walks
• Low traffic volumes and speeds • How safe people feel when walking • Aesthetic amenities (e.g., street trees, water elements) • Connectivity between streets, sidewalks • Clustering of mixed land uses • Proximity to valued destinations |
