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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Is the policy process usually linear or cyclical? why?
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Cyclical, because of feedback mechanisms and changes in context.
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What does the policy process turn vague and abstract commitments into?
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specific courses of action (Etzioni, 1967)
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What is the operative priniciple behind the policy process?
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the logic of applied problem solving.
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what are the 5 stages in the policy cycle?
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Agenda setting
Policy formulation Decision-making Policy Implimentation Policy evaluation |
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What are the factors involved in defining problems and agenda setting in the policy process?
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Scope
Problem situation values time and resources |
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In the defining environmental problems stage, what is an example of an activity causing stress?
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energy, agriculture, transport
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In the defining environmental problems stage, what is an example of an agent or pollutant causing stress?
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ozone, lead, asbestos
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In the defining environmental problems stage, what is an example of a route of exposure?
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air, water, food
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In the defining environmental problems stage, what is an example of a recepter affected?
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groundwater, lake, coastal area
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In the defining environmental problems stage, what is an example of the effect of the stress?
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climate change, biodiversity loss, health effects.
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What are the two subsectors of policy formulation?
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Goal setting and generating alternatives
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What are some examples of types of alternatives in the policy making process?
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incremental, innovative, branching
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What are the subsections of policy adoption?
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Bargaining and policy advocacy
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What are two aspects of policy implementation?
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Administrative organizations, administrative politics
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What are the two aspects of policy evaluation?
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process, and goals
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what is a policy model?
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a reconstruciton of reality in an issue area
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what is political systems theory?
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the theory that policy is an output of the pollical systems and processes
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What is group theory?
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Policy as group equilibrium
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What is elite theory?
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Policy as elite preference
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What is institutional fuctional process theory?
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policy as an institutional activity
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What is the Neo-institutionalist model?
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Policy as arenas of power
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What is game theory?
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Policy as a rational choice in a competitive sitiuation
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What is "minimax"?
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Minimize losses, maximize gains regardless of what the other players do
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What is the rational comprehensive model?
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Policy as as efficient goal achievement
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What assumptions does the rational-comprehensive model make?
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that there are suffeciant tools to evaluate societies values, policy alternatives, consequences, methods of calculatoin, ability to select the most effiecient alternative
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What is the incremental model?
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Policy as modifications of the past
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What is satisficing?
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what is satisfactory for the needs of the moment based on the scientific and political context
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What is mixed scanning?
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Policy as a mix of rationalism and incrimentalism
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What are some of the criticisms of rationalism?
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that it's not suited to the complexity of decision making in reality
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What is the criticism of incrementalism?
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that it lacks imagination and creativity in the policy process.
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What are the 3 streams and what is the window in the steams and windows model?
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policy is made when there is a contexutal window between the problem, political and policy
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What can open a window in the streams and windows model?
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change of administration, shift in national mood, pressing problems
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What are 3 types of public policy?
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Regulatory
distributive re-distributive |
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What is a policy demand?
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some actor sees the need for action or inaction to be taken by government officials
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What is a policy statement?
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the formal expression or articulation of public policy
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What is a policy output?
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things that actually get done by a govenment pursuing the policy decisions and statements. Where the rubber hits the road.
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What are policy outcomes?
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the intended or unintended consequences for society due to action or inaction by government
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what are policy instruments?
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the means for achieving hte purpose: ie incentives, subsitidies, punishments, etc.
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What is policy advocacy?
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the activities and actions undertaken by interest groups to promote support for a proposed or ongoing policy
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What is an epistemic policy community?
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a group of experts that share ideas that can influence policymaking and have links with government policy makers.
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What is an escape hatch?
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how policy makers avoid the responsiblity for the policy they make
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What is force-field analysis?
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the forces that act in opposition to each other to create equlibrium in the system
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according to force field analysis when does change occur?
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when the balance between forces tips the scale
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What is an Internatinal Regime
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a set of norms principles and procedures accepted by states to realize a common interest
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What is a policy narrative?
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the story of how a policy developed that becomes part of the conventional wisdom
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policy network/ coalition?
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a group that shares the same beliefs, can be tight and small or large and difuse
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What's Policy space?
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the degree to which a policy maker has room to manuver
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What is political technology?
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the way a policy is way a problem is depoliticized
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What is streetlevel bureaucracy?
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the role of the people at the implemantaiton level during policy implimentation
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What are the factors in policy making?
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Judgement
Evidence Experience Values Resources |
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What does evidence-decision making shift away from?
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opinion based decision making.
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What are some examples of experimental and quasi-experimental evidence?
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randomized trials, before and after studies, etc
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What are some examples of Economic evaluation evidence?
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cost-effectiveness analysis, cost benifit analysis, cost utility analysis, opportunity cost analysis.
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What are examples of philosophical and ethical evidence?
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consultive techiques, needs analysis,
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What are the 2 main concerns of policy making?
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Power and policy making, rationality and policy making
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How does power relate to policy m aking?
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power is which groups control and benifit from a particular the policy making structure
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What part of the policy making process does the rational model seek to make rational?
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the goals, options, and consequences of a policy decision
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What are some of the main alternatives to the rational model?
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Bounded rationalism model, organizational process model
incrementalism |
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What 2 things are bounded in the bounded rationality model? how?
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the individual is bounded by satificiing rather than maximizing and the organization is bounded by the ogranizational process and by the values and interests of the orgnaizational structure
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Is the organizational Process model discriptive or prescriptive?
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mostly descriptive
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What is policy aciton in the organizational process model?
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the organizational output.
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What are some of the key concepts in the organiational process model?
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fractured power and fractured problems; parochail priorities and perceptions; conflicting goals; standardize operating procedure; programs and reperoirs
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Is incrementalism a descriptive or prescriptive model?
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both
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What criticisms does incrementalism make of the rational model?
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human problem solving capactity is limited; not enough information to make rational policy; not enough $$ for analysis; insistance on comprehensive decisive information results in inaction or neglect
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What do the incremental model and the organizational structure model have in comon?
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incremental policy is in-line with current organizatoinal structures.
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What are the root and the branch in the root and branch model?
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the root is rationalism creating the base of a policy, and the branch is incrementalism which changes the policy incementally based on feedback and new facts or contexts
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Why is incrementalism favored?
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it's more realistic, more inline with current polcy making structures and democratic processes, avoids big mistakes
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What are some of things that make global environmental problems particulalry difficult?
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require cooperation amongst states, gigantic scale resources and the tragidy of the commons, mobile resources
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What are externatities in production?
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the environmental damage done from produciton or consumption activities ie pollution, residues, runoff
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what is an example of point pollution? what is an example fo non-point pollution?
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point has an identifiable sources. i.e. a factory smoke stack. Non point would be car emissions in a large city
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What is the tragedy of the commons?
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over-utilization of a resource shared, when many own and nobody is charged
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What are 2 characteristices of public goods?
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non-rilvarly (can be used by many at once) and non-excludability (there are no barriers to use)
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Give an example of a public good?
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biodiversity, hiking trail, God
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What is myopic behaviour?
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short term, narrow thinking based on a lack of knowledge regarding consequences
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What are the aspects of policy objectives?
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cost effectiveness, distributed ojectives, variability reduction, environmental and health quality parameters
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What is efficiency?
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getting the most out of the resource base and maximizing the over-all net benifits
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What are some examples of policy outcomes?
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Behaviour modification, resource reallocation, resource and capital augmentation
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What is resource and capital augmentation?
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policies that result in the expansion of physical, human, or natural capital
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What are some policy tools?
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incentives, direct control, property rights and trading, education and information gathering, improvements in governmance, compensation scheme
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Are carrots and sticks both types of incentives?
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yes, subsities are carrots, taxes are sticks.
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why use direct control mechanisms?
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monitoring is easier direct control mechanisms than taxes, policial reasons
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Define policy analysis.
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the use of reason and evidence to choose the best policy among a number of alternatives
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What are the 5 stages of the policy cycle?
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Problem definition, formulation, adoption, implementation, and evaluation
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What are the two stages of defining the problem?
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to see how others see the problem; define more clearly for analysis
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What are teleological criteria?
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Teleological- policies are better or worse according to their consequences
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What are non-teleological criteria?
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a policy is judged as good or bad without considering the consequences.
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What is the Pareto Critierion?
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a choice between situations A and B where A is chosen becasue at least one person perfers A over B and no body prefers B to A.
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What is the Kaldor Critierion?
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A shift in a stituation where the people who benifit from the new situation cominsate the losers for thier losses.
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What is cost-benifit analysis?
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a policy is judged as better or worse in terms of monetary benifit.
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What is benefit-cost ratio?
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the ratio of benifit to cost. (needs work)
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What is cost-effectiveness ratio?
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the ratio of effectiveness of a policy in non-monetary terms to its monetary cost.
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What are the sources of alternative policy options at the policy analysis stage?
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-operation of the market
-experiences of other countries, cities, etc -knowledge of science and technology -personal knowledge and expereince |
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What are some examples of policy models used by analysists?
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mathmatical equations and computer programs, a physcial structure, a diagram of relationships
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Why are models used?
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to make and support making good decisions.
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What is the Nominal Group Technique?
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a structured way to organize the thoughts of a group that keeps the originator of the thoughts unknown.
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Define policy implementation?
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the dynamic conversion of policies and plans into specific programs and projects
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What are the 3 main activities of policy implementation?
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organization (resources, people, funds)
interpretation (details of policy) Application (enforcement) |
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What discrepancies are there between the policy formulation and the implementation?
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the gap between
-a pattern and an actually situation -the prediction and the observation -a deisred objective and what actually is achieved -tension between ideal adn actual |
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What makes policy implementation unsuccessful?
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Bad execution
Bad policy Bad luck |
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What are the implementation variables?
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nature of the policy
implementing organization target groups or clients environment |
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What are some implementiaton variables in developing countries?
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charismatic leadership
resource constraints environmental unceratinty non-monetary compliance inter-organizational relations private and NGO support |
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how are policies, projects, and programs related?
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policies are translated into programs, and programs are set into projects
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What is the second-level of policy analysis?
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the program and project design during the implimentation process
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What are the stages fo the project development and implimentation cycle?
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factfinding--> appraisal--> negotiation--> implentation and supervision--> completion and post-evaluation--> project identification
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What is the cause and effect relationship in Project design?
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imputs --> project outputs--> immediate project objuectives--> longer term goals
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key elements in logical framework
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y-axis goals, purpose, outputs, inputs
x-axis performance targets, monitoring mechnisms, assumptions and risk |
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What is administratvie capacity
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ability of a program or organization to achieve the deisred objectives
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What are the two types of participation?
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participation as a process (people involved in the decision making). Participation as an end-goal (sharing mateial outputs)
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What are the indicators of coordinative capacity?
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Perception of commanity of goals, leadership, authority and mechnanisms for coordination
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What does IOR stand for? What is it?
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Inter-orginizational relations. I'ts the sharing of resources amond different organization to improve goods and services for clients.
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What are policy instruments?
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the means to achieve policy goals.
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What are some considerations in designing effective policies?
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achieving financial sustainablity, administrative sustainablity, budilding constituencies for change, promoting policy integration
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What is participatory evaluation?
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participation in who is involved in the collection and monitoring, but also who learns and benefits from the findings.
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What occurs during the evaluation process?
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identifying relevant questions; planning the evaluation design; selecting good collection methods; gathering and analyzing data; deseminating results and improving program performance.
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What are the guilding prinicples of participatory evaluation?
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Participant focus and ownership; negotiation on how evaluation should be conducted; learning (how to improve the program); flexibility, hwo to match resources to needs and skills
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Why do participatory evaluation?
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Identify locally relevant evaluation questions; improve program performance; empowers participants; builds capacity ( increases evaluation skills and increases knowledge), leadership development, sustains organizational learning and growth
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What are the challenges of participatory evaluation?
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time and commitment; resources; conflict
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What are the 5 steps of Participatory evaluation?
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1: decide if it's appropriate
2: identify who should and wants to be involved 3: collaborate on creating an evaluation plan 4. Gather information, analyze it and build consensus 5. Agree on findings and how they will be used. |
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What is the purpose of evaluation?
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not to prove but to improve
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In the evaluation stage what impacts are you trying to determine?
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the effect on social, economic, environmental indicators, intended and unintended impacts, supports and barriers
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What you do with the results of a policy evaluation?
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identify barriers to success, promote a dialogue for the next round of policy making, improve cooperation
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A good evaluation should provide information that is...
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Credible, useful, informs practice, informs decision making
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What two words that start with "i" make a policy evaluation credible and reduces conflict of influence?
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Impartiality and independence of the evalutor.
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What 3 things do we evaluate?
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Projects, programs, and oraganizations
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Why would you evaluate during implemetnation?
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to improve implementation; identify barriers to be removed
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Why would you do a mid-term evaluation?
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For relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, lessons learned and as a management tool
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Why would you do a terminal evaluation?
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relevance, effectiveness, efficiency a, early signs of impact and sustainability, lessons learned for future projects
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Why is evaluation useful?
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feedback, accountability, learning, improvement, funding, ownership
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What are the steps of the evaluation process?
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Planning the methodology, doing the data gathering and analysis, reporting the results, making recommendations, feedback processe.s
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what are the 5 views on policy integration:
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win-win-win. Harmonizing
conflict minimiztion. (reduces but not totally) Policy compatibility (policies don't work against each other) Strategic coordination (strategies for the same area support each other) Addressing all three themes |
