Environmental Pathology I, Ii

Front 1

What is the mechanism of acid and alkali toxicity?

Back 1

They're corrosive and cause general tissue toxicity.

Dessication (drying out) and protein destruction (including denaturation and hydrolysis) occur, in addition to fat saponification

Front 2

What is the mechanism of inhibition of enzyme activity-related toxicity?

Back 2

Will be very specific with a precise target.

Front 3

Cyanide affects which enzyme, causing what affect?

Back 3

cytochrome oxidase, important component of OX-PHOS, causing decoupling of O2 with energy production

Front 4

Acetonitrile is metabolized to

Back 4

cyanide

Front 5

Ethanol is metabolized to _______ by __________

Back 5

acetaldehyde; alcohol dehydrogenase and CYP2E1 and catalase

Front 6

As part of ethanol metabolism, acetaldehyde is converted to _________ by _______.

Back 6

acetic acid; acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

Front 7

3 effects of EtOH on liver

Back 7

1) Fatty change: acute, reversible
2) Acute alcohol hepatitis: fever, liver tenderness, jaundice, focal hepatocyte necrosis
3) Cirrhosis: chronic

Front 8

How does alcohol consumption cause fatty liver?

Back 8

Metabolism of ethanol in cytosol and of its derivatve, acetaldehyde, in mitochondria converts NAD+ to NADH. An excess of NADH stimulates lipid biosynthesis.

Front 9

Aspirin poisoning causes what?

Back 9

acidosis because it's a weak acid.

Front 10

What analyte is measured when assessing lead?

Back 10

RBC Protoprophyrin, and blood Pb

Front 11

Blood levels of acetaminophen peak ___ hours after ingestion.

Back 11

4

Front 12

What are the levels of laboratory dx decisions?

Back 12

1) Range in the Reference interval
2) Range Indicative of exposure
3) Range that correlates with symptoms and prognosis
4) Range that requires therapy

Front 13

Antidote for acetaminopen poisoning?

Back 13

N-acetylcysteine

Front 14

Sulfur dioxide (SO2): where found and what does it do?

Back 14

Acid rain when converted to sulfurous acid. respiratory irritant.

Front 15

No2 and NO: where found and what does it do?

Back 15

components of smog; respiratory irritant

Front 16

CO: where found and what does it do?

Back 16

Constituent of smog. Carboxyhemoglobin is formed because CO binds 200x tighter to Hb than O2 --> death by suffocation.

Front 17

Where is radon found and what is it associated with?

Back 17

Found in rooms with poor air exchange; associated with lung cancer.

Front 18

Where is formaldehyde found in the home?

Back 18

foam insulation.

Front 19

pneumoconiosis: where found and what associated with it?

Back 19

Cytokine mediated progressive fibrotic scarring.

Front 20

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is related to what profession?

Back 20

Farming, due to organic dust exposure (eg., bird droppings, moldy hay)

Front 21

Organophosphate and organochlorine (eg, DDT) are toxins associated with what profession?

Back 21

Farming

Front 22

Halogenated hydrochloroform (CHCl2) and CCL4 associated with what pathology?

Back 22

liver necrosis

Front 23

What %age of all US deaths associated with tobacco smoking?

Back 23

21%

Front 24

T/F Acute tubular necrosis results in chronic kidney disease

Back 24

F. Can dialyze patient while basal layers regenerate.

Front 25

What is Basophilic stippling?

Back 25

refers to an observation found when observing a blood smear, where erythrocytes display small dots at the periphery. These dots represent accumulations of rRNA and are always pathological.

Front 26

What can causes basophilic stippling/ microcytic anemia?

Back 26

Lead poisoining

Front 27

Methanol toxicity: what happens?

Back 27

Toxic metabolites inhibit hexokinase; may cause blindness

Front 28

Ethylene glycol/antifreeze toxicity: what happens?

Back 28

Acute tubular necrosis

Front 29

Increased NADH stimulates _______.

Back 29

fat synthesis. Contributes to fatty change in liver.

Front 30

4 changes that lead to fatty liver:

Back 30

1) Increased catabolism of peripheral fat
2) Increased NADH stimulates fat synthesis
3) Decreased mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids
4) Decreased transport of lipoproteins from liver, secondary to acetaldehyde formation of tubulin adducts interferring with microtubule function

Front 31

Mallory body: defn

Back 31

twisted-rope appearing inclusion found in the cytoplasm of liver cells. they're precipitated proteins that are indications of hepatitis/ other liver damage (especially alcohol related)

Front 32

Micronodules are seen in what disease?

Back 32

Alcoholic cirrhosis

Front 33

What are signs of alcoholic cirrhosis?

Back 33

1) Mallory bodies - histopathology
2) micronodules on liver - gross
3) Enlarged spleen
4) Focal necrosis, inflammation- histo
5) Fibrotic, broad blue bands.

Front 34

Ethylene Glycol Poisoning: What is likely to be seen in renal tubules?

Back 34

Oxalosis: oxalic acid crystals

Front 35

Response to a drug that is noxious, unintended, occurs at doses used for prevention or therapy (does not include failure to accomplish the intended purpose)

Back 35

Adverse Drug Reaction

Front 36

Dyscrasia

Back 36

Something happening to production of blood components. Common ADR.

Front 37

T/F ADRs are always dose-dependent

Back 37

F. Can be idiosyncratic (result from a single exposure)

Front 38

Difference between close range and distant GSW entries

Back 38

Close range are larger and with less round/more jagged edges.

Front 39

What occurs in high-altitude sickness?

Back 39

CNS edema, pulmonary edema

Front 40

Giving fluids IV with bubbles can result in

Back 40

gas embolism

Front 41

Decompression/Caisson disease: what happens?

Back 41

Individual dives to higher pressure and more blood gases dissolve. When individual decompresses/comes back up, gases become bubbles again and can cause blockage

Front 42

Decompression/Caisson disease: What is tx?

Back 42

Putting individual back into high pressure situation, like a pressure chamber.

Front 43

What is more dangerous: focused or whole-body radiation?

Back 43

Whole body. Takes MUCH less of a dose to kill person

Front 44

How does radiation injury correlate with oxygen?

Back 44

If cells are deprived of oxygen, the killing rate is attenuated. Has consequences for blood supply of tumor.

Front 45

Radiation Sensitivity of Biological Tissue: What cells are most sensitive?

Back 45

Those dividing the fastest (Lymphocytes, then thrombocytes, then granulocytes, the GI lining)