Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Heroin (diacetylmorphine)
CNS= -upon injection converted to= -final metabolite= |
-depressant
-6-monoacetyl morphine (6-MAM) within minutes <what is used to dx> -morphine |
|
|
Heroin effects and complications?
|
Decreased heart and respiratory rates, vascular tone and resistance
-cardiac arrhythmia, respiratory arrest, pulmonary edema, coma |
|
|
Cocaine
CNS= half life? |
-stimulant
-1/2 life= 0.7-1.5hr |
|
|
Cocaine effects and complications?
-blocks reuptake of? and it causes? |
Increased heart rate, vascular tone, vascular resistance
-coronary artery narrowing (centrally)= cardiac hypertrophy -blocks NE uptake; HTN, cardiac arrhythmia, MI, **cerebral hemorrhage and infarct (hemorrhagic stroke) |
|
|
What is excited delirium?
|
special form of intoxication, irrational behavior, super strength, hallucination, cardiac arrhythmia, sudden death (usually by stimulant drugs!!)
(police custody deaths!!!**) |
|
|
d-Methampetamine
CNS= -converted to? -1/2 life? name a different isomer! |
=stimlant
-converted to amphetamine -1/2 life= 6-15hrs l-methampetamine is in Vick's inhaler |
|
|
d-methampetamine effects and complications?
|
(similar to cocaine), especially "excited delirium"
|
|
|
PMRP stands for?
Why is there controversy? |
Prone maximal restraint position aka = hogtie, hobbletie
-traumatic effects, complications occurring in already compromised individuals (obese, after a struggle, drug intoxicated, "excited delirium" |
|
|
Tasers
-how many volts? -causes? |
~1500volts through <0.01amps, continued shock similar to a household appliance
-causes involuntary muscle contraction |
|
|
Taser complications arise from?
(name 3) |
-intoxicated individuals ("excited delirium")
-unknown natural disease -tasering of the head or neck |
|
|
What is skin popping and results?
-"foreign body granulations" |
-injection into subcutaneous tissue, leaving round "pock like" scars
(supposedly prolongs intoxication) -seen better with polarized light |
|
|
Chronic intravenous drug abuse complications?
(name 4) |
-necrotizing fasciitis
-bacterial endocarditis -pulmonary HTN -Hepatitis virus infection (cirrhosis) - HepC really common |
|
|
Alcohols: (found where?)
ethanol? isopropanol? methanol? ethylene glycol? |
= drinking alcohol
= rubbing alcohol = wood alcohol = antifreeze |
|
|
Acute alcoholism
what is the amount? |
acute intoxication= 0.08mg% or 80mg/dl
~3-4 beers/mixed drinks |
|
|
Alcohol abuse affects what 3 main organs?
|
Heart= dilated cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia
liver= steatosis, hepatitis, cirrhosis, brain |
|
|
Describe:
steatosis= hepatitis= cirrhosis= |
-fatty change, perivenular fibrosis (reversible)
-swelling, mallory body, neutrophil rxn, (can occur after a single binge), reversible -fibrosis, hyperplastic nodules (NOT reversible) |
|
|
What metabolizes ALL alcohols?
|
alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver
|
|
|
Isopropanol metabolized to?
CNS= used as? |
-acetone
-depressant -disinfectant and solvent |
|
|
Methanol is used for?
metabolized to? CNS= results in and tx? |
-to make other chemicals and plastics
-formaldehyde -CNS depressant -retinal and optic nerve toxicity can cause blindness tx= ethanol infusion (blocks it from metabolizing) |
|
|
Ethylene glycol toxic metabolites? (what can they cause) name 2
tx? |
-glycolic acid= CNS toxicity
-oxalic acid= renal failure form oxalate crystals (antifreeze is used in automotive fluids) tx= ethanol infusion |
|
|
what does envenomation mean?
|
venom getting into the bloodstream
|
|
|
Snake/insect venom: what effects can these have?
proteolytic= hemotoxic= neurotoxic= cytotoxic= |
-local effect (necrotizing fasciitis)
-systemic effect -systemic effect -local effect |
|
|
What are two common causes of someone developing necrotizing fasciitis?
|
-drug abuse
-insect bite |
|
|
Cyanide (CN)-toxic poisonous chemical
-product of? -inhibits? |
-product of combustion (car exhaust, burning house...)
-inhibits cytochrome oxidase (respiration) |
|
|
How do people die from Cyanide poisoning?
-what does the gas smell like? |
-acute and rapid, (rare cases of chronic exposure)
-Mose cases are suicidal in nature (ingesting KCN) NO pathologic findings!! -HCN gas smells like "bitter almonds" |
|
|
Arsenic is found where and can do what?
-how can you confirm? |
-in soil and human tissue (small levels) (contaminated water, or intentional poisoning)
-uncouples oxidative phosphorylation (chronic exposure is toxic) -confirm by hair testing |
|
|
Lead= children vs adult absorption?
-competes with? -1/2 life? |
-Children absorb 50% adults <15%
-competes with Ca -half life = 20-30yrs |
|
|
What can lead do in the body?
|
-deposit on gums and teeth
-RBS basophilic stippling (RNA fragments due to impaired degradation)-"anemia" -encephalopathy/neuropathy (demyelination) |
|
|
Scuba- decompression sickness; AKA?
how does it harm? -what is an ABSOLUTE CONTRA? |
-"Caisson disease"
-change in ambient pressure forms nitrogen bubbles resulting in gas (air) embolism -history of seizures |
|
|
Pulmonary barotrauma
|
Breath holding causing a pneumothorax (lung collapse) or emphysema
|
|
|
Altitude sickness caused by?
What are some common symptoms? |
-over 8000ft elevation with decreased oxygen and atmospheric pressure
-headache, anorexia, insomnia, difficulty breathing, dizziness, lethargy |
|
|
What are some severe altitude sickness cases?
tx? (name 3) |
-pulmonary edema, stroke, coma, death
-move to lower altitude, tx symptoms, give acetazolamide (diamox) |
|
|
Hypothermia?
-mild vs moderate, vs severe what are severe symptoms? |
-decrease in core body temp less than 95/35, metabolism and body functions cease
-mild= 90-95/32-35; moderate=82-90/28/32; severe=<82/28 -neurologic dysfunction, terminal burrowing, paradoxical undressing |
|
|
What is frostbite?
1st, 2nd, 3rd degree? |
when skin remains exposed to temperatures below freezing (like thermal injury)
-1st=superficial, 2nd=partial thickness, 3rd= full thickness |
|
|
Hyperthermia?
due to? (name 3) |
-increase in core body temperature
-environmental exposure, malignant hyperthermia, cocaine or PCP intoxication |
|
|
Heat cramps=
Heat exhaustion= Heat stroke= |
= muscle cramps
= several days of high temp, inadequate fluid intake = medical emergency, can lead to death |
|
|
***Heat stroke vs heat exhaustion?
|
=hot dry skin, increased core temp, shock!!
= moist clammy skin, low to normal temperature |
|
|
Thermal injury: describe the thermal burn degrees?
|
1st= superficial, 2nd= partial thickness, 3rd= full thickness
(only the epidermis can regenerate; 1st degree) |
|
|
Thermal injury= inhalation of combustion products (smoke)
direct airway injury vs chemical inhalation: |
=laryngospasm, mucosal injury
=CO, cyanide, other compounds |
|
|
CO poisoning=
binds to? forms? and causes? result=? |
-hemoglobin 200-250x stronger than O2
-forms carboxyhemoglobin (carries O2 but doesn't release it, gives blood bright cherry red color) -asphyxial death |
|
|
CO half lives
at room air? at 100% o2? hyperbaric (3atm)? poisoning 20% vs 50%? |
-5 hrs
-1hr-20min -23min -1/5 |
|
|
Electrical injury:
Low voltage vs High vltage |
-household electricity, 50-1000volts, electrical plugs, household voltages (100-250volts)
->1000volts, electrical grids, power lines (1kv to 230kv), cathode ray tubes |
|
|
Low voltage:
-electrocution? -arcing? -body effects? |
-localized electrocution
-no electrical arcing -can travel b/w points on body (contact to ground) |
|
|
high voltage:
-burns? -arcing? -tissue effects? |
-severe electrical burns
-arcing present -deep tissue penetration, and blunt trauma |
|
|
What is a lichtenburg figure?
|
Pattern left from lightning strikes
|
|
|
Abrasion?
|
-frictional removal of outer skin surface (skin is intact)
|
|
|
Contusion?
|
-bleeding beneath skin "bruise"
(skin is intact) |
|
|
Laceration?
|
splitting of skin by BLUNT impact (skin is NOT intact)
|
|
|
Laceration vs incision?
|
-laceration= (from blunt force injury) tear or split, crushed abraded ragged edges, tissue bridging
|
|
|
Sharp force injury?
|
-clean sharp separation of skin, caused by sharp object <INCISION> "clean sharp edges"
|
|
|
Stab wound
vs Incised wound -What is a hilt mark? |
-deeper than it is wide
-wider than it is deep -knife enters to full length of blade |
|
|
Gunshot wounds
Entrance vs exit |
-round defect with abrasion margin/collar
-slit like laceration of skin |
|
|
What are the 4 categories determining "range of fire"?
-descrive each! |
contact (soot, searing, muzzle imprint), close range (soot and stippling), intermediate (stippling), distant (just a hole)
|
