Environmental Health Test 1

Front 1

leading cause of death in 1990?

Back 1

pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrhea (infectious disease)

Front 2

leading causes of death in 1997?

Back 2

heart disease, cancer, stroke (chronic disease)

Front 3

3 protective human barriers?

Back 3

skin, gi tract, lung membrane (most vulnerable)

Front 4

#1 shortening average lifespan?

Back 4

poverty

Front 5

epidemiology?

Back 5

study of distribution of disease in human population

investigate person, time, place

chipotle investigation!

Front 6

ecology

Back 6

study of interrelationships of living organisms & their environment

Front 7

individual

Back 7

organism existing in & responding to environment

Front 8

population

Back 8

individuals of same species living together w/ in given area

Front 9

biotic community

Back 9

natural grouping of various plants and animal species

Front 10

biome

Back 10

ecosystem w/ characteristic plant & animal associations

Front 11

ecosphere

Back 11

natural area where living things interact w/ chemical & physical environment

Front 12

ecological dominant

Back 12

organisms that control flow energy thro community

Front 13

niche diversification

Back 13

adaptations to life in specific environment which decrease competition among species for food & living space

Front 14

succession

Back 14

gradual replacement of 1 biotic commuinty by another over time

Front 15

ecosystem

Back 15

area where living things interact w/ chemical & physical environments

Front 16

limiting factors

Back 16

environmental conditions that control where organisms can live

Front 17

trophic level

Back 17

relative position occupied by organisms in food chain

Front 18

progression of models--
Clinical Intervention

Back 18

medical (goal is go prevent death from disease)

Front 19

progression of models--
public health intervention

Back 19

trying to prevent diseases from environment & prevent public from getting disease

Front 20

progression of models--
environmental stewardship

Back 20

prevent public from damaging environment

Front 21

hourglass analogy for 1st law

Back 21

isolated system--no sand enters/exits

Front 22

1st law of thermodynamics

Back 22

energy can neither be created nor destroyed

Front 23

2nd law of thermodynamics

Back 23

w/ every energy transformation, there is a loss of usable energy & entropy increases

Front 24

hourglass analogy for 2nd law

Back 24

continuing running down of sand in top chamber and accumulation of sand in bottom chamber. Sand in bottom chamber has used up its potential to fall & do work—said to have ↑ entropy/unavailable matter

Front 25

entropy

Back 25

all energy moves towards even less available & more dispersed state

Front 26

biochemical cycles

Back 26

carbon, oxygen, water, phosphorus, nitrogen

Front 27

earth's plate tectonics and volcanoes

Back 27

Plates move farther apart, magma from the Earth's interior percolates up to fill the gap

Front 28

earth's plate tectonics and earthquakes

Back 28

Plates meet & force causes mountains to rise & deep trenches to form. When edge of one plate is forced under another it causes intense vibrations in the Earth's crust

Front 29

earths natural resources

Back 29

air, water, soil, land, life, iron, sand, sun, wind

Front 30

earth's natural services

Back 30

air & water purification, soil renewal, nutrient recycling, food production, pollination, waste treatment, climate control

Front 31

natural hazards

Back 31

earthquake, tornado, hurricane, drought, volcano

Front 32

unnatural hazards

Back 32

bombs, shootings, bioterrorism, chemical release, nuclear

Front 33

natural response plan

Back 33

provides structure & mechanisms for coordinating federal support to state, local, & tribal incident managers

Front 34

national incident management

Back 34

nationwide approach to work effectively together to prepare for & respond to all hazards

Front 35

tragedy of commons

Back 35

Commons not assigned property rights and used by all will lead to ruin commons- atmosphere, open oceans, migratory birds, pasture NOT HIGHWAYS- not assigned property rights

Front 36

j curve represents what?

Back 36

human population

Front 37

carrying capacity

Back 37

# of ppl who can be supported in area w/in natural resource limits & w/o degrading natural social, cultural, economic environment for present & future generations

not a fixed #

Front 38

evolution of cultre

Back 38

culture advances among prehistorically human probably reduced death rate to some sligh degree, but consequences of cultural evolution were minor compared w/ changes by agricultural revolution

Front 39

agricultural revolution

Back 39

increased population... more crops, fruits, vegetables, agriculture tools

Front 40

industrial revolution

Back 40

increase of cities...people more from rural areas to urban areas in search for jobs

Front 41

total fertility rate

Back 41

average # of children each women in specific population is likely to have

Front 42

crude birth rate

Back 42

# of live births per 1,000 ppl in population in given year

Front 43

crude death rate

Back 43

# of deaths per 1,000 ppl in population in given year

Front 44

Growth Rate (expressed as %)

Back 44

(crude birth rate--crude death rate)/1000 X 100 = %

Front 45

immigration factor on US growth rate

Back 45

Illegal to knowingly hire illegal immigrants
Required employers to prove to their employees’ immigration status

Front 46

doubling time

Back 46

70/growth rate

Front 47

major factors threatening ecosystem stability

Back 47

soil erosion, overgrazing, deforestation, desertification, loss of wetlands, loss of biodiversity, climate change

Front 48

soil erosion

Back 48

1/3 + of world’s land is losing soil faster than it’s being replenished
Developing countries 30% reduction of harvests in next century

Front 49

deforestation

Back 49

permanent decline in crown cover of trees to <10% of original extent

Causes: #1. clearing land for AGRICULTURE #2. gathering of wood for fuel ranks (heating homes, cooking)

Can lead to: excessive erosion rates, ↓ soil’s water absorbing capacity, ↑ flooding, desert-like transformation, alteration of climate

Front 50

overgrazing

Back 50

leading cause of soil degradation

Front 51

desertification

Back 51

land degradation in air, semi-arid, & dry sub-humid area resulting from many factors like climatic variations & human activities

Front 52

loss of wetlands

Back 52

Soils that are inundated/water saturated for a portion of the year and by presence of certain water-loving plants

Human intervention = biggest threat! (KSU rec center did not get permit b4 building it)

nature's kidneys

Front 53

loss of biodiversity

Back 53

habitat destruction is greatest threat (greenhouse effect)

air/water pollution factor in biodiversity failures

Front 54

solution to avoid cooking the planet?

Back 54

60%--80% CO2 emissions reduction by mid-century