Environmental Health Final

Front 1

What groups don't think there is population problem?

Back 1

Cornucopians:
Marxists:

Front 2

Which group thinks that People are the world’s ultimate resource

Back 2

Cornucopians:

Front 3

Which group thinks that The problem is poverty, not population.

Back 3

Marxists:

Front 4

The Ultimate Resource (1981)
The supply of natural resources is really infinite
There is only one scarcity: Human brain power -- "The Ultimate Resource"
Necessity is the mother of invention

Back 4

The Cornucopians:Julian Simon

Front 5

Who said "Asking us to refrain from using resources now so that future generations can have them later is like asking the poor to make gifts to the rich"

Back 5

The Cornucopians

Front 6

Who says, "We have the technology to feed, clothe, and supply energy to an ever-growing population for the next 7 billion years…We are able to go on increasing forever"

Back 6

The Cornucopians

Front 7

Who thinks that Population density does not damage health or psychological and social well-being.

Back 7

The Cornucopians

Front 8

The _________ think there is no statistical evidence for rapid loss of species in the next two decades.

Back 8

The Cornucopians

Front 9

The ______ think that the climate does not show signs of unusual and threatening changes.

Back 9

The Cornucopians

Front 10

The ________ think that poverty is the problem.

Back 10

Marxists

Front 11

______ think that Poverty is the result of distribution problems, not overpopulation.

Back 11

Marxists

Front 12

The ______ say Prevent poverty & the population will take care of itself

Back 12

Marxists

Front 13

Why do the Marxists think that capitalism creates poverty?

Back 13

surplus of people relative to jobs
Increased unemployment = cheap labor = poverty
cheap labor = good for capitalism

Front 14

_________ think that population growth outstrips resource growth.

Back 14

Malthusians

Front 15

________ think that in addition to food, other factors (such as shortages of water and space) impose limits on continued growth.

Back 15

Neo-Malthusians:

Front 16

What are some positive checks on population?

Back 16

War, famine, disease, & disasters

Front 17

What are some preventive checks on population?

Back 17

Decreasing fertility rate, modifying age-specific birth rate, moral behavior

Front 18

_________ think there is not enough room for everyone.

Back 18

Malthusians

Front 19

________ amendment, mandated workhouse conditions to be made worse than the worst conditions outside the workhouse to encourage the poor to go get jobs

Back 19

Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 (England

Front 20

_______ were big supporters of preventive checks (birth control).

Back 20

Neo-Malthusians

Front 21

______ main philisophy is stop at 2 children.

Back 21

ZPG

Front 22

What is Demography?

Back 22

The scientific study of the sum of individual acts as they affect measurements of the population

Front 23

Why Do we Study Demography?

Back 23

-sum of millions have a profound impact on societies and the environment
-the study of vital stats.

Front 24

How Are Populations Measured?

Back 24

Counting the number of people
Measuring Growth Rates

Front 25

_________ = total live births - total deaths

Back 25

Absolute numbers (world)

Front 26

___________ = (births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)

Back 26

Absolute numbers (country or region)

Front 27

What does Zero population growth (ZPG) measure?

Back 27

Births = Deaths; zero growth rate

Front 28

What does Crude birth rate (CBR) measure?

Back 28

number of live births per 1,000 people

Front 29

What does Crude death rate (CDR) measure?

Back 29

number of deaths per 1,000 people

Front 30

How Are Populations Measured?

Back 30

Using doubling times
Determined by rule of 70 (or 72)
70/current annual growth rate = doubling time in years

Front 31

What Factors Affect Growth Rates?

Back 31

Fertility
Age Distribution
Migration

Front 32

_________ measure number of births per 1,000 women of childbearing age per year (ages 15-49)

Back 32

General fertility rate

Front 33

________ measures the number of live births per 1,000 women of a specific age group per year (more later)

Back 33

Age-specific fertility rate

Front 34

______ measures the average number of children a woman will bear throughout her life.

Back 34

Total fertility rate

Front 35

______ measures the fertility rate needed to ensure that each set of parents is “replaced” by their offspring

Back 35

Replacement fertility rate

Front 36

What Factors Affect Growth Rates?

Back 36

Age Distribution of Population
Population momentum
Migration

Front 37

What is a dependency load?

Back 37

The proportion of the population below 15 or above 65 years of age

Front 38

What is the Graphical representation of the population profile for LDCs & MDCs?

Back 38

LDCs = pyramid
MDCs = rectangle

Front 39

How does migration affect growth rates?

Back 39

Affects the actual rate of increase calculation
(births + immigration) – (deaths + migration)= actual increase (or decrease) in population

Front 40

How does population growth affect economic development?

Back 40

Every 1% increase in population needs a 3% increase in GNP for economic growth
High growth rates of LDCs have overwhelmed governments

Front 41

What is meant by the Carrying Capacity Concept?

Back 41

maximum number of a particular species that the environment can support

Front 42

_______ measures the number of infants under one year of age who die per 1,000 births each year.

Back 42

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

Front 43

_______ is best single indicator of a society’s quality of life.

Back 43

IMR

Front 44

Factors that contribute to high IMR include what?

Back 44

Poor water supply, results in disease, causing diarrhea
Improper weaning
Famine
Malnutrition
Poor health of mother
Inadequate prenatal care

Front 45

If Women’s Status is Low then what happens?

Back 45

Motherhood Only Option
Birth Rates Rise

Front 46

What is Demographic Transition?

Back 46

Movement of a nation from high population growth to low growth as it develops economically

Front 47

What are the 4 stages of demographic transition?

Back 47

Stage 1 — Birth and death rates are both high
Stage 2 — Death rates fall; birth rates remain high; growth rate rises
Stage 3 — Birth rates fall as standard of living rises; growth rate falls
Stage 4 — Growth rate continues to fall to zero or to a negative rate

Front 48

How Has Human Population Grown Historically?

Back 48

Early Hunter Gatherers
Rise of Agriculture
Rise of Cities
Increased human impact on the biosphere
Industrialization

Front 49

What can we observe about stage 1 of demographic transition?

Back 49

Birth Rate
Death Rate
Population Size
Population Growth
Population Pyramid

Front 50

Why do death rates drop (stage 2)?

Back 50

Medicine
Sanitation
Water supply
Food resources
Population pyramid

Front 51

Why do Birth rates drop (stage 3)?

Back 51

Low child and infant mortality, (hoping your child will survive.)
Education & empowerment of women
Standard of living increases
Children get expensive (labor laws)
Availability of birth control

Front 52

What are the implications, demographically with a drop in birth rates?

Back 52

Population pyramid
Political stability

Front 53

What can we observe about stage 4 of demographic transition?

Back 53

Death Rate
Population Size
Birth Rate
Population Growth
Population Pyramid

Front 54

What is the demographic trap?

Back 54

Increase in population (along with other factors) can prevent improvement of standard of living, which leads to a Falling standard of living which reinforces high fertility which increases pop.

Front 55

What are some factors that make countries successful?

Back 55

Exploit natural resources
Utilize population resource
Curb environmental degradation
Economic Prosperity
America, Japan, Europe

Front 56

What are some factors that make countries unsuccessful?

Back 56

Poor natural resources, or not
properly exploited
Environmental degradation
Poor economic development
Poor status of women
Political corruption
Demographic Fatigue

Front 57

What is demographic fatigue?

Back 57

Condition characterized by a lack of financial resources and an inability to deal effectively with threats such as natural catastrophes and disease

Front 58

What are some problems associated with teen pregnancy?

Back 58

Teens are less likely to receive adequate prenatal care
Higher infant mortality
Teen pregnancy is expensive for society

Front 59

What Is Family Planning?

Back 59

Measures enabling parents to control number of children (if they so desire)

Front 60

What are some goals of family planning?

Back 60

Not to limit births
For couples to have healthy children
For couples to be able to care for their children
For couples to have the number of children that they want

Front 61

What Policies are Used to Control Population Growth?

Back 61

Population Policies
Pronatalist Policy [United States (Un)official Policy]
Antinatalist Policies

Front 62

How do population policies control population growth?

Back 62

Planned course of action (or inaction) taken by a government
Designed to influence choices or decisions on fertility/migration

Front 63

What is the Pronatalist Policy [United States (Un)official Policy]?

Back 63

Income tax deductions for all children
Increased benefits for each child born into a welfare family
economy is based on continued population growth
family size should be decided by the family

Front 64

What is the Mexico City Policy-US Imperialist Pronatalist policy?

Back 64

NGO’s can “neither perform nor actively promote abortion as a method of family planning in other nations”
Prohibited NGO’s from even acknowledging abortion as an option, even in areas where the practice is legal

Front 65

What are the reasons the Chinese Government Initiated Population Control Measures?

Back 65

Freshwater and food at a premium for nation’s population
Country experiencing population momentum
Population becoming a burden

Front 66

What are some perks to China's Antinatalist Policy?

Back 66

Free education and health care
Increased personal and family incomes
Increased legal marrying age for women
Contraceptives, abortions, and sterilizations free of charge
Preferential housing and retirement income

Front 67

The rate of world population growth is (and has been) ______.

Back 67

slowing

Front 68

World population should ________ in the next century or two.

Back 68

stabilize & may decrease

Front 69

What is a vector?

Back 69

Any organism that transmits a pathogen or disease-causing agent

Front 70

What are the vectors of public health importance?

Back 70

Rodents
Arthropods - largest division in the animal kingdom (> 1 million known species)

Front 71

What the Three main rodent types of PH Significance?

Back 71

Roof rat
Norway Rat
House Mouse

Front 72

What are some general Characteristics of Public Health Importance from rodents?

Back 72

Cause billions of damage yearly
Spread disease
Commensal (live at human’s expense)
Consume and contaminate World’s food supply

Front 73

What are some biological characteristics of rodents?

Back 73

Very sensitive to touch
Have poor vision
Extremely keen sense of smell
Well-developed tastebuds
Bait-shy (neophobic)

Front 74

All commensal rodents carry and spread various diseases such as:

Back 74

Salmonellosis
Plague
Leptospirosis
Hantaviruses
Riskettsial pox

Front 75

What are the 4 distinct areas of rodent control management?

Back 75

Eliminate food source
Eliminate harborage
Rat-proof building
Kill them!

Front 76

What are some good ways of eliminating a rodent food source?

Back 76

Practice good solid waste management
Properly secure pantry and other potential food sources
Empty pet feed bowls before going to bed

Front 77

What are some good ways of eliminating a rodent's harborage source?

Back 77

Eliminate all open dumps
Store all lumber & fire wood at least 6” above ground
Properly dispose of all old appliances

Front 78

mosquitoes have 79 olfactory receptors; can sense _____ & ______ up to 100 feet away (36 meters)

Back 78

CO2 and lactic acid

Front 79

What are the 3 major sensors of the mosquito?

Back 79

chemical
visual
heat

Front 80

In U.S., over _____ mosquitoes species in ____ genera.

Back 80

2,700
13

Front 81

What are the 3 most common mosquito genera?

Back 81

Aedes (“Floodwater” mosquitos)
Anopheles
Culex (Northern House Mosquito)

Front 82

Which mosquito genera spreads malaria?

Back 82

Anopheles

Front 83

Which mosquito genera spreads yellow fever?

Back 83

Aedes (“Floodwater” mosquitos)

Front 84

What are some mosquito turn ons?

Back 84

heat, light, perspiration, body odor, lactic acid, CO2

Front 85

What are 4 mosquito related diseases?

Back 85

Malaria
Yellow Fever
Encephalitis
Dengue Fever

Front 86

________ is caused by a parasite that is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito.

Back 86

Malaria

Front 87

___________ transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito & is prevalent in Africa, not U.S.

Back 87

Yellow Fever

Front 88

_________ is caused by viruses that are transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes Types: St. Louis, Western equine, Eastern equine, La Crosse, West Nile

Back 88

Encephalitis

Front 89

__________ transmitted by Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus,in East Asia, U.S.; by Aedes aegypti in tropics

Back 89

Dengue Fever

Front 90

___________ Internal parasite (dirofilaria immitis) transmitted by 30 types of mosquitoes

Back 90

Heartworm-Dirofilariasis

Front 91

Adult female heartworms produce __________, which circulate in the blood of infected dogs.

Back 91

microfilariae

Front 92

What are some mosquito breeding sites?

Back 92

buckets
old tires
rain barrels
urns

Front 93

How do you control mosquito breeding sites?

Back 93

Eliminate sources of standing water
Empty watering cans
Remove old tires
Cover rain barrels
Ponds: stock with fish
Install screens in all windows

Front 94

What are some community mosquito control measures?

Back 94

Larvicides
Biological Controls-fish
Adulticide-misting
Mechanical Control-mosquito traps

Front 95

How do flies spread disease?

Back 95

Mouth parts
Vomitus
Body and leg hairs
Sticky pads of feet
Fly feces

Front 96

________ are Synanthropic.

Back 96

Flies (Musca Domestica)

Front 97

Name 3 biological characteristics of the cockroach.

Back 97

nocturnal
prefer warm, moist areas
will eat almost anything

Front 98

What are the 3 main type of cockroaches?

Back 98

American cockroach
German cockroach
Oriental cockroach

Front 99

What type of cockroach is a major problem in commercial restaurants & food processing plants. Reproduce extremely rapidly & are very hard to control.

Back 99

German

Front 100

_______ is also called the water bug,causes problems during the wet seasons & can be controlled easier than German roach.

Back 100

Oriental

Front 101

________ Aka ‘palmetto bug. Usually found in basements
Not a major health problem like Germans

Back 101

American

Front 102

_________ is the most common vector-borne illness in the US and Europe

Back 102

Lyme disease: (tick)

Front 103

What is the public health significance of a tick bite?

Back 103

Three-for-One Deal! One tick can harbor as many as three different disease-causing organisms; all can be transmitted in one bite

Front 104

________ surpass all other arthropods (except mosquitoes) in the number of diseases they transmit to humans.”

Back 104

Ticks

Front 105

What are the main ways insects make us sick?

Back 105

Mechanical transmission
bites

Front 106

How does an insect make us through mechanical transmisson?

Back 106

Flies pick up contaminations from feces and pass it on to food and drink

Front 107

Why did infectious diseases reemerge in the 1980's?

Back 107

*Development of insecticide and drug resistant insects/microbes
*Climate change
*Societal changes
*Worldwide political instability & Wars

Front 108

What is the public health impact of the Norway rat?

Back 108

Extremely destructive
Prolific breeders

Front 109

What are some positive aspects of environmental conflicts?

Back 109

Identifies aspects of resource & environmental management which are not working well.
Draws attention to misunderstandings & inadequate or misleading information.
It questions the status quo & leads to creative approaches

Front 110

What are some negative aspects of Environmental conflicts?

Back 110

unresolved conflict breeds misinformation, misunderstanding, mistrust and biases.
A conflict is bad when it allows higher and stronger barriers to be built up between the involved parties”

Front 111

What are 2 ways to Manage Environmental Conflicts/Disputes?

Back 111

Environmental Laws (litigation)
Dispute Resolution (negotiation & mediation)

Front 112

What is the definition of environmental law?

Back 112

An organized way of using all the laws in a nation’s legal system to minimize, prevent, punish, or remedy the consequences of actions that damage or threaten the environment.

Front 113

What are the 2 major types of environmental law?

Back 113

Common Law
Statutory Law

Front 114

What is the definition of common law?

Back 114

Written or unwritten principles and rules based on past legal decisions; built on precedent

Front 115

What is the objective of common law?

Back 115

Attempts to balance competing interests in society

Front 116

What is a tort?

Back 116

A claim for which a civil suit can be brought by an injured plaintiff.

Front 117

What are 2 types of redress?

Back 117

Injunction
Compensation

Front 118

What is the definition of an injunction?

Back 118

Court order to do or refrain from doing a specified act.

Front 119

What are the 3 legal concepts based on common law?

Back 119

Nuisance
Trespass
Negligence

Front 120

What is the definition of nuisance?

Back 120

A class of wrongs that arise from the unreasonable, unwarrantable, or unlawful use of a person’s own property that produces annoyance, inconvenience, or material injury.

Front 121

What is the definition of trepass?

Back 121

The unwarranted or uninvited entry upon another’s property by a person, the person’s agent, or an object that he or she caused to be deposited there.
The property can be land, material possessions, or even one’s body itself.

Front 122

What is the definition of negligence?

Back 122

The failure to exercise the care that a “prudent person” usually takes, resulting in an action or inaction that causes personal or property damage.
Note:

Front 123

What is the definition of strict liability?

Back 123

If harm results from a product, the maker of that product is liable for the harm done; principle applies to activities as well.

Front 124

What are some examples of Statutory Laws in the U.S.A ?

Back 124

Clean Air Act (1970)
Clean Water Act (1972)
National Environmental Policy Act (1969)
Endangered Species Act (1973)
Toxic Substances Control Act (1976)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976)

Front 125

Give an overview of the meaning of statutory law.

Back 125

The body of acts passed by a local/state legislature or Congress.
Govern how environment and human health are protected and how resources should be managed.
Generally state the broad intentions of their specific provision

Front 126

What are the 4 types of dispute resolution?

Back 126

public consultation
negotiation
mediation
arbitration

Front 127

Define public consultation?

Back 127

goal is to share views/concerns etc

Front 128

Define negotiation?

Back 128

when two or more groups meet voluntarily in order to explore a conflict. The purpose is to reach a decision by consensus.

Front 129

Define mediation?

Back 129

Has all the characteristics as negotiation, plus involvement of a mediator (a neutral 3rd party which acts as a facilitator and fact-finder).

Front 130

Define arbitration?

Back 130

Similar to mediation. However, the person acting as an arbitrator has power to make a decision which may or may not be binding.

Front 131

What are some conditions for Effective Dispute Resolution?

Back 131

Issues are clearly defined
A formally agreed-upon agenda
Both sides willing to explore new ideas and possibilities and to negotiate honestly with each other

Front 132

What are some examples of Environmental organizations in the US, Trinidad, Canada & Grenada?

Back 132

USA: EPA
Trinidad and Tobago: EMA (Environmental Management Authority)
Canada: EC (Environment Canada)
Grenada – over 20 agencies with responsibility for environmental management

Front 133

What are 2 major factors to the success of Environmentally sound laws ?

Back 133

Environmental Problem Solving
Environmentally Sound Resource Management

Front 134

What is an example Natural System Knowledge?

Back 134

the Food Security Act of 1985 with swampbuster and sodbuster provisions (Farm Bill)

Front 135

What is an example of Stewardship Ethic?

Back 135

the Endangered Species Act

Front 136

What is an example of Biocentric Worldview?

Back 136

the Wilderness Act of 1964

Front 137

Define Environmental Dispute Resolution?

Back 137

The process of negotiation and compromise by which disputing parties reach a mutually acceptable solution to a problem.

Front 138

What are some motivations for dispute resolution?

Back 138

-litigation due to costly lawsuits
lengthy decision making process
decisions can be appealed
decisions may be unsatisfactory to all or some of the parties involved
-expectations for more public participation & empowerment in resource & environmental management.