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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Health hazards in the natural environment are called ____ hazards such as natural toxins, ____, parasites, injuries, lack of ____, unsafe drinking water, etc.
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Traditional
infections sanitation |
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Over the last few decades, life expectancy has increased significantly in most countries; this is due to improvements in ___ quality, nutrition, and medical care.
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environmental
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Modern hazards, such as air pollution, ___ pollution, and agricultural chemical exposures have took over as the ___ threat of health and well being.
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water
primary |
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Environmental Health Science is essential about two things: 1.) Hazards in the environment, their effects on ___, and variations in ____ to exposures with populations; 2.) Development of effective means to ____ against hazards in the environment.
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health; sensitivity
protect |
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ANASAZI TRADE/TRADITIONS
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EXPERT BASKET MAKERS
25 YR DROUGHT FORCED CIVILIZATION TO DISAPPEAR |
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The built environment encompasses all of the buildings, spaces, and products created or modified by ____.
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People
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Our environment is polluted by ____ activities. Environmental pollution and degradation have a huge impact on human ____. Poverty, poor living and working conditions, and lack of ____ have been repeatedly identified as major impediments to health.
An individual's ____ background is one of the major factors that determines how he or she is affected by ___ exposure. |
human
health education genetic environmental |
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Sources of water pollution include: industrial wastewater, ____ wastewater, agricultural wastes, sediment from land erosion, ___ spills, and acid mine drainage.
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municipal
oil |
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Sustainable development is defined as "development that meets the needs of the ____ without compromising the ability of ____ generations to meet their own needs".
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present
future |
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Environmental health comprises of those aspects of human health, including ___ of life, that are determined by chemical, ____, biological, social and _____ factors in the environment. It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing, ____, controlling and preventing those factors in the environment that can potentially affect adversely the ___ of present and future generations.
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quality
physical psychosocial correcting health |
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Environmental Health is a branch of public health that deals with the effects of ____ agents on human health. It addresses the interrelationship between human health and the environment.
Environmental health is to prevent and control _____ to environmental factors that may adversely impact human health. |
environmental
exposures |
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Supportive environments are the conditions that countries or communities try to create to achieve their health ____. The focus is on how good environments ___ health. Practices include building health housing, promoting healthy _____, cleaning up industrial pollution, reducing traffic hazards, etc.
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targets
enhance lifestyles |
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The basic requirements for a healthy environment are: clean air, safe and sufficient ____, adequate and safe food, safe and peaceful settlements, and a stable ____ environment.
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water
global |
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Measuring environmental quality entails the measurement of ____ in the air, water, food, soil, and work place.
Measuring human exposure to environmental hazards entails the measurement of the levels of ____ or metabolites in blood, hair, urine; bio-markers. |
pollutants
chemicals |
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A demographic transition is a major shift in the health situation that has taken place in most countries from ____ mortality and birth weight to ____ mortality and birth weight.
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high
low |
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An epidemiological transition is a change of disease pattern (_____ communicable disease and _____ chronic noncommunicable disease over time.
A health hazard transition is a shift from _____ hazards to ____ hazards. |
less; more
traditional; modern |
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Burden of disease measures the impact of ill health on _____. It is expressed as life-years-lost equivalent or ____ adjusted life years or disability adjusted life years.
The sum of disease across all ages, conditions and regions is referred to as the ____ burden of disease (GBD). |
communities;quality
global |
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Vulnerable groups include children, ____, elderly people, racial minorities, ____ people and indigenous people.
Small body size, _____ disease, pregnancy, and nutritional deficiencies are factors that may ____ vulnerability. |
women; disabled
preexisting; increase |
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Children are considered vulnerable because they absorb chemicals at a ____ rate than adults. Their liver's detoxification potential and kidney filtration is not fully _____.
Women are considered vulnerable because they have inadequate _____, lack of education, heavy work loads; early _____, and early and frequent pregnancies. Elderly people are considered vulnerable because they receive long _____ to toxicants, older people have ____ mass, they metabolize toxicants at _____ rates and they tend to have a weak immune system. |
greater; developed
nutrition; marriage exposure; less; slower |
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The environment in the workplace generally involves levels of _____ human exposure to environmental hazards and more injuries than in the ______ environment.
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higher; residential
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The impact of people on the environment is related to the ____ of the population and to the level of ____.
Rapid growth in ____ population brings substantial health and environmental problems. |
size; consumption
urban |
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The role of the environmental health professional is to apply their knowledge and experience to help the community ____ the environmental health hazards they face as well as to analyze the technical and social approaches to ____ or eliminating human exposure to environmental hazards and the resulting adverse health effects.
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understand
reducing |
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A hazard is defined as "a factor or ____ that may adversely affect health".
A risk is defined as the probability that an event will ____; the probability of an unfavorable ____" A hazard results in a ___ only if there has been exposure. |
exposure
occur; outcome risk |
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Some traditional hazards are still predominant in ____ developed countries and rural areas.
Modern hazards become more important with _____ urbanization and industrialization. |
less
increasing |
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Biological hazards include all of the forms of ____ that can cause adverse health effects: viruses, plants, bacteria, fungi, etc.
Biological hazards are transmitted via air, ____ water, food and fomites; through vectors, and person to person exposure. |
life
contaminated |
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Factors affecting the spread of biological hazards include: inadequate ____, dumping of untreated sewage into surface water, poor ____ practices, poor sewage and water treatment, ____ and poorly ventilated housing, and environmental changes and disturbances to the balance of natural ____.
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sanitation; hygiene
overcrowding; habitats |
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Infections that are caused by microorganisms are _____.
The toxic effects that are caused by toxins that bacteria or fungi produce are not ____---they do not spread from person to person, but are limited to the people who ____ the contaminated food. |
contagious
contagious consume |
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Biological hazards can cause ____ disorders, respiratory diseases, ____ transmitted diseases and death.
Once a person has been exposed to a biological agent or pathogen, this agent will be distributed via blood, lymph or other body ____ to the parts of the body most favorable for it to grow. |
digestive
sexually fluids |
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Toxicity of a chemical is defined as its inherent capacity to cause ____ to a living organism.
A highly toxic substance will damage an organism at very ____ amounts in the body. For the chemical to pose a risk there must be a real or potential ____ to it. |
injury
small exposure |
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Factors that may be considered when assessing the risk posed by a toxic substance include the ____ of the substance actually absorbed (the dose), how the body ____ the substance, and the dose-_____ relationship. One must also consider individuals in the population that may be more ____ to the toxin and whether the injury is permanent or ____.
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quantity
metabolizes response sensitive reversible |
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To identify and categorize chemical hazards, knowledge is needed on their physical and chemical ____; their routes of ____; their distribution and metabolism; the effects they have on ____ systems and how they are identified in real settings.
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properties; entry
body |
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The longer the carbon chain the more ___ soluble. The more benzene rings in the molecule, the ___ soluble and ____ persistent in the environment.
The more chlorinated the compound is the more ____ in the environment. |
lipid
less; more persistent |
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Exposure to chemicals may occur via ____, oral ingestion, ____, placental transfer and breast feeding.
A chemical will undergo the following steps in the body after exposure: absorption via the GI tract, _____ tract or skin; distribution to the target organs, _____ (bio-transformation) and excretion from urine, feces, hair or sweat. |
inhalation; skin
respiratory; metabolism |
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Chemicals absorbed in the body are modified in the liver in a process called _____ or metabolism. This process converts hydrophobic/lipophilic compounds into more ____ (less toxic) ones, which is called ____; this contains 2 phases.
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bio-transformation
hydrophilic detoxification |
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Phase I of metabolism is to convert ____ compounds to more hyrdrophilic ones (CYPs).
Phase II is a conjugation reaction with hyrdrophilic endogenous compounds such as GSTs. |
lipohilic
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Systemic toxicity can be expressed as an effect on the body system after a chemical has been absorbed and spread by the blood ___ the body.
A local reaction or organ specific toxicity affects only the organ where the chemical first made ____ with the body. Exposure to chemicals may affect fertility, sexual ____ and libido. They may also affect the ____ leading to interference with normal ____, low birth weight, _____, etc. |
throughout
contact function fetus; development; miscarriages |
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Carcinogenesis is a multistage process characterized by 3 major steps: initiation, ____ and progression.
LD50 stands for ______, the dose that would kill 50%. ED is the _____, the dose that would cause the effect. |
promotion
lethal dose effective dose |
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Physical hazards are forms of potentially harmful ____ in the environment that can result in either immediate or gradually acquired damage when transferred in sufficient ____ to exposed individuals.
Types of physical hazards include noise, _____, light energy, thermal energy and electrical energy. An example of ionizing radiation would be alpha, beta, and gamma radiation as well as ____. Non-ionizing radiation would be ___ light. |
energy
quantity radiation X-rays UV |
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Air pollution is the result of emission into the air of ____ substances at a rate that exceeds the capacity of natural processes in the atmosphere to ____, deposit, or dilute them.
Air pollution affects health most clearly when compounds ____ to relatively high concentrations, producing an adverse effect on the body ex: bronchitis |
hazardous
convert accumulate |
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The accumulation of chemically active compounds in the atmosphere is greatly affected by ____ features and atmospheric movements. Valleys, nearby mountain ranges, and the lack of open space strongly _____ the severity of air pollution in a locale.
When conditions are right, usually in the morning or when there is descent of air from higher altitudes, a special atmospheric condition is created that is called _____. In an inversion the temperature ____ with increasing altitude rather than falling, which is normally the case. |
land
increase rises |
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Factors affecting air pollution include land features and _____ factors such as wind and temperature inversion.
Temperature inversion (increasing temp with increasing alt) results in air ____and the trapping of air pollutants in localized areas because it limits the vertical ____ of air. |
meteorological
stagnation circulation |
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The most important characteristics of aerosols that determine their behavior are size and _____. Size affects how the particle will ____ in the air and composition determines what will happen when it ____ on something.
The size of particles in aerosols governs where the particles will tend to go in the ____ tract and that, in turn, determines some of the effects on the lung. |
composition
travel lands/settles respiratory |
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Larger particles are above ____ micrometers.
Coarse particles (PM10) between 10 to ____ micrometers. Fine particles (PM2.5) below ____ micrometers. Ultrafine particles are below ____ micrometer. |
10
2.5 2.5 0.1 |
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The effect of particles on the body reflects the efficiency with which they ____ all the way to and within the lung and their chemical activity and toxicity once they arrive. Larger particles carry much more ___ but are much less likely to have effect on the body because they do not penetrate into the ___ respiratory tract.
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penetrate
substance lower |
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The greatest penetration and retention of particles is in the range ___ to 0.1 micrometers, which is called the _____ range. Particles in this range can be inhaled all the way to the ____ structures of the lung.
Small particles are considered ___ toxic |
10
respirable deepest |
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In air quality studies, the total aerosol suspended in air once was measures as total ____ particles (TSP). This measurement reflects the perception of ____ in the air and diminished visibility.
*PM10 and ____ have become the preferred measurements of particulate air pollution. |
suspended
smoke PM2.5 |
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Iron deficiency is also referred to as ____. Most iron-deficiency anemia in developed countries is the result of iron loss from the body because of internal _____.
_____ are at much greater risk because they lose iron from menstrual cycles. Africa and southern Asia have high levels of iron deficiency due to a combination of ____ intake, poor absorption and ______ diseases; Vitamin ___ and animal foods promote iron absorption. ____ poisoning is associated with iron deficiency. Iron deficiency can contribute to increased lead and ____ absorption. |
anemia
bleeding Women low; parasite C Lead cadmium |
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Foodborne diseases mainly refer to foodborne ____ and are the transfer of _____ to an individual and the subsequent distribution and multiplication within the human body.
Food poisoning is the illness related to consumption of food ____ and not the individual. Food toxins are from 2 sources: NATURAL TOXINS are venom or poisons produced by _____ and plants. TOXINS PRODUCED BY MICROORGANISMS are ____ produced by fungi in peanuts or corns. Food toxins can be highly toxic, including acute toxic, even estrogenic and ____ effects. |
infections; microorganisms
toxins animals aflatoxins carcinogenic |
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Mycotoxins are produced by ___, mostly produced by the genera Aspergillus, ____ and Fusarium. Mycotoxin contamination of food items depends on ____ conditions (high moisture and high temperature) that may allow mold growth and production of toxins.
The most important mycotoxins are _____ produced by the molds Aspergillus and aflatoxins are potent _______. Another example is zearalenone produced by the mold ____. It is primarily contaminated in cereals, milk and ____, and is an environmental _____. |
fungi; Penicillium
environmental aflatoxins; hepatocarcinogens Fusarium; meats estrogen |
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Bacterial foodborne diseases include: typhoid, ____, shigellosis, and _____.
Hepatitis ____ is a viral foodborne illness. Giardiasis and trichinellosis are _____ foodborne disease and mad cow disease is a disease caused by ____. |
cholera; salmonellosis
A parasitic prions |
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Food is a mixture of chemicals including _____, natural toxins, contaminants and _____.
Food additives are substances added intentionally to foods to improve their _____, texture, ____ and nutritional value. |
nutrients; additives
appearance; flavor |
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Hazardous ___ pollutants deposit onto and absorbed into crops. ____ hazardous wastes contaminate plants and soil. Hazardous ____ pollutants are bioaccumulated in seafood and contaminate crops by irrigation.
Contamination of food can also occur during food _____, storage, processing and cooking. |
air
industrial water packaging |
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A high level of PCB contamination in food is associated with diets containing high levels of _____ consumption.
A high concentration of lead is found in ____, shellfish, vegetables grown nearby industry, mining, heavy traffic regions. |
fish
fish |
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Cadmium contaminates crops grown near ____ areas.
Food quality is determined by four main categories: 1.) How it affects the senses is called _____ aspects 2.) Nutritional value 3.) Functional properties and 4.) _____ properties. Dietary standards help to determine the amount of a particular nutrient that is ____ for the majority of the population, such as recommended dietary _____ (RDAs). Dietary standards are used for: designing nutrition ____ programs; planning food supplies to subgroups in the population; establishing ____ for the nutritional labeling of food; developing new products in the food industry and evaluating the adequacy of food supplies to met national _____ needs. |
industrial
organolepic; hygenic adequate; allowances education; guidelines; nutritional |
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There are various types of food preservation: _____, blanching, canning, freezing, dehydration, and _____.
Housing conditions that contribute to TB are _____, inadequate sunlight and inadequate _____. Chagas' disease is also transmitted by a vector in poorly built and maintained homes. Toxic chemical exposures that are associated with housing are lead, ____,radon, solvents, ____ and PAHs. |
pasteurization; irradiation
overcrowding; ventilation asbestos; pesticides |
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50% of the cases of sick building syndrome are due to inadequate ____; 30% are due to ____ contamination from either inside or outside the building; 10% are caused by building materials, humidity, ____, cigarette smoke, noise and unknown causes.
The economy is based on ____ and resource industries such as mining, forestry and fishing. The economy tends to be ____. Rural areas tend to be conservative and ____. Major environmental problems associated with urbanization include ____ pollution, noise and _____ _____ accidents. |
ventilation; environmental; molds
agriculture seasonal; traditional air; motor vehicle |
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The ultimate goal of studying the relationship between environmental hazards and health is to take some action to ___ or eliminate those hazards to reduce the harm that may result from their effects. This is called risk _____.
Risk assessment is the systematic scientific _____ of potential adverse health effects resulting from human exposures to ____ agents or situations. |
reduce
management characterization hazardous |
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he first step in risk assessment is to ____ hazards based on result from the relevant toxicological and epidemiological studies. This step involves describing how a substance behaves in the ____, including its interactions at the organ, cellular and molecular levels. Hazard identification is considered a ____ description of potential health effects.
The second step in risk assessment is known as a dose-______ assessment. This assessment describes and ____ the relationship between dose and its related health effects. |
identify
body qualitative response quantifies |
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The third step in risk assessment is called ____ assessment. In the third step the exposure itself is measured, identifying the ____ of exposure, estimating intake into the body by the various ____, and obtaining demographic information to define the exposed _____.
Risk characterization is the ____ of the first three steps in the risk assessment process. It should produce a ____ estimate of the risk in the exposed population, or estimates of the ____ risk under different plausible exposure scenarios. |
exposure
sources routes population integration quantitative potential |
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Hazard identification can be performed via structure-____ relationship analysis, in vitro and short term assays, ____ studies and epidemiological studies.
These are _____ studies. Short-Term tests, used in hazard identification, have been mostly utilized for ____ prediction. Short term assays provide information about mechanisms of ____; they are also fast and inexpensive. All human carcinogens have been tested in ____ studies. |
activity
animal toxicological carcinogenicity effects animal |
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____ studies can also be used in hazard identification. Descriptive studies can be longitudinal studies which provide ____ over time in exposure or in the health effects of interest.
Cross-sectional descriptive studies provide a ____ of the exposure or the effects at a given time. Descriptive studies do not draw casual ____ between an exposure and a health effect. |
Epidemiological
trend snapshot associations |
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A commonly used method of evaluating mortality in a group of people is to calculate the _____ (SMR) for the group, which is the ratio of the observed deaths in the ___ population divided by the number of deaths normally expected in a group with similar age distribution.
In an epidemiological study association means that the risk factor occurs ____ (more than expected) where the disease appears. Causation means that the risk factor plays a role in events ____ to the disease. A causal relationship implies that the disease has been shown to be actually ____ by the environmental agent. |
standardized mortality ratio
study often leading induced |
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A cluster of disease is the occurrence of an unexpectedly ___ number of cases in a given geographical area, period of time, and/or population.
A high occurrence of childhood leukemia in a rural community using well water contaminated with pesticides is an example of a ____ cluster. The increased occurrence of respiratory problems during a summer smog period can be seen as a cluster in ____. An increased occurrence of lung disease in workers at a particular workshop is a cluster in the _____. |
high
geographical time population |
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An ecological study is one in which the unit of analysis is the ____ or region, rather than the individual.
DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENT A threshold is the ___ level at which there is an observable effect. A no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) is the point on a dose-response curve at which a threshold is ____. A lowest observed adverse effect level is the ___ level at which some symptoms are found. |
population
lowest reached lowest |
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Many environmental hazards have a specific effect on individuals only when the ____ reaches a certain level, a threshold for that effect. This is known as the _____ response.
The intensity of the effect is directly proportional to the ___, and an effect is observed for any detectable _____ of the chemical. This is known as the ____ response. |
dose; threshold
dose;concentration non-threshold |
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In exposure assessment, monitoring can either be direct: personal and ____ monitoring; or indirect: environmental area monitoring, models, ____ and diaries.
Personal monitoring measures more directly the ____ to which an individual is exposed throughout a period of time. ex: measuring the food consumed. Biological monitoring (biomarkers) measures the ___ of a compound or its metabolites, markers of effects and markers of ____ in the biological system. |
biological
questionnaires concentrations dose; susceptibility |
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Risk management refers to the process by which policy actions are chosen to ____ hazards identified in the risk assessment. It is a scientific, quantitative exercise in which the results of a risk assessment are compared to standards, guidelines or comparable ____.
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control
risks |
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The approach to managing risk includes: risk ____, risk perception and communication, control of ____, and risk ____.
Risk evaluation is the ____ of risks to standards or guidelines or comparing risks when there are no historical data. When comparing risks when there are no historical data, all possible chains of events from an initiator to a final incident are followed in what is referred to as an ____ _____. |
evaluation
exposure monitoring comparing event tree |
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In risk management, risk perception and communication is the public perception/_____ and purposeful exchange of information about the existence, nature, form, severity or acceptability of ____.
The objectives of risk communication are to alert the public or decision makers to a significant risk of which they may be ____; as well as to calm concerns about a small risk that the public or decision makers perceive as _____. |
understanding
risks unaware serious |
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In risk management there are several ways to control exposure: control at the ____, control along the ___, control at the level of the ____ and ____ prevention.
In risk management, an exposure may be controlled at the source by ____ it entirely or by using innovative engineering means to eliminate or minimize exposure to the hazard. Methods also include general ____ and substitution. *General ventilation ____ contaminants in a large volume of air. |
source
path person secondary eliminating ventilation dilutes |
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In risk management, if control of an exposure at the source cannot be achieved, exposure should be reduced along the ____.
For chemical hazards, local exhaust ____ is used. Through local exhaust ventilation, airborne contaminants are ____ at or near the place where they are generated and _____ from the work place. The system must be designed to capture the contaminants before they reach the _____ zone of the workers. Other methods of controlling exposures along the path include protective ____,as in physical hazards, to increase the distance between the source and the receiver. |
path
ventilation captured removed breathing barriers |
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In risk management, control of exposure at the level of the ____ is the last resort. Methods include administrative controls, which involve reducing the number of exposed workers and the ____ of exposure; training, and Personal Protective ____ (PPE) which includes face masks, respirators, gloves, etc.
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person
duration equipment |
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In risk management, risk monitoring is a form of auditing the ____ of the combination of risk management approaches. The variable used in risk monitoring are often called ____. Such indicators should be reliable, easy to ____ year after year, closely connected to the exposure to environmental hazards and health outcomes.
Occupational and environmental medicine is the medical specialty dedicated to identifying, _____, treating, and preventing _____ and environmental disorders. Physicians and other health professionals outside the specialty also play an important role in ____ risk. |
effectiveness
indicators measure evaluating occupational managing |
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The first step in addressing a potential environmental health concern in an individual is to ____ whether one truly exists by ____ the disease, evaluating exposures, and determining if the exposure actually ____ the disease.
The second step in addressing an environmental health concern is usually ____. The most important aspect of treatment is ____ from exposure. The third step is _____, the process of overcoming and accommodating the results of the injury or illness. |
identify
diagnosing caused treatment; removal rehabilitation |
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A true environmental health emergency is best managed by a specialist with training in ____, epidemiology and public health. Almost any health practitioner may be presented with a problem related to _____ exposures.
The first step in managing an environmental health emergency is ____ the problem. The major role of the health practitioner is to be an advisor and ____ for technical information. The health professional should know what hazardous substances are involved, what are their toxic and safety hazards, how many people have been exposed and how many may be in the ____. Who is at ____ risk? |
toxicology
hazardous evaluate resource future high |
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The second step in managing an environmental health emergency is ____ the problem to minimize the potential of exposure.
The third step in managing an environmental health emergency is to ____ the health effects. |
contain
manage |
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Steps involved in conducting benefit-cost and cost-effectiveness analyses:
Define the study scope and ___; define and measure the ____ or effects of each option under analysis; Identify, measure and value all _____; Identify, measure, and value all _____; define the implications of the ____ for presentation to decision makers. |
objectives
outcomes costs benefits results |
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Respiratory symptoms are the most common adverse health effects from ___ pollution.
The air pollutant NO2 is ____ toxic than NO. ____ is photochemical smog. Acid rain is ____. NO2, hydrocarbons and sunlight are the three major components that contribute to the formation of ____ smog. ____ is a reliable indication of PCB and TCDD. Activated sludge for waste water treatment is to remove ____ compounds. ____ is most likely to be found in reducing smog. Carcinogenicity is the effect of _____ effect. |
air
more Ozone SO2 photochemical chloroacne organic SO2 |
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The four most important sources of water pollution are domestic sewage, ____ effluents, storm and urban runoff, and ____ runoff.
Two forms of air pollution standards: Ambient Air Quality Standards or guidelines and ____ standards. Waterborne diseases are directly transmitted when the water is ____ or used in the preparation of ____. Indicator microorganisms are not ____ but their presence is a reliable indicator of potential _____ by pathogens. Major drinking water treatments rinclude: coagulation, _____ and sedimentation; filtration and _____. |
industrial; agriculture
emission drunk; food pathogenic; contamination flocculation; disinfection |
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The three levels of waste water treatment:
Primary treatment: ____ processes that remove solids. Secondary treatment: _____ processes that remove most of organic compounds. Tertiary treatment: physical, biological, and _____ processes to remove nutrients like phosphorus and inorganic pollutants. |
physical
biological chemical |
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The renewable types of energy consumed are _____ fuels, hydro-power, and ____ energy such as wind, ____, geo-thermal power and bio energy.
The non-renewable energies consumed are ____ fuels and nuclear energy. Biomass fuels include wood, logging wastes, and saw dust are often the only fuel sources available in the _____ rural areas. Because of incomplete _____, biomass smoke contains respirable particles. Direct health effects include decreased ___ function, respiratory systems, increased risk of ____ and chronic bronchitis. Indirect effects include deforestation and green house effect. |
biomass; alternative;
fossil poorest lung; accidents |
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Incomplete combustion of fossil fuel is the single greatest cause of ____ pollution.
Contains sulfur ____, suspended particulate, NOx, carbon ____, PAHs and carbon dioxide. The single most dangerous chemical hazard from indoor combustion of fossil fuels or biomass is _____. |
atmospheric
dioxide; monoxide carbon monoxide |
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Indirect effects of hydro-power include: change in the entire ____ local environment, increases _____ exposure from fish, and affects aquifers downstream.
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biological
mercury |
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Bioenergy is renewable and derived from ____ sources, to be used for heat, ____ or vehicle fuel.
Biofuel derived from ____ materials, such as corn and soy, is among the most rapidly growing renewable energy technologies. |
biological
electricity plant |
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Industrial development is essential to combat ____ and improve the quality of life. However, industrial development leads to environmental pollution and _____ health hazards.
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poverty
occupational |
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Metal industries can generate considerable air, ____ and soil pollution.
Petrochemical industries process oil products into bulk raw materials of ____ and chemicals. Pulp and paper industry processes forestry products, causing ____ pollution and odor air pollution. |
water
plastics water |
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Common occupational diseases include ____ diseases caused by particulates; hearing loss, eye and ___ disorders.
Underdiagnosis and ____ are known to be a large problem. The distribution of occupational diseases in developed countries is approximately by the rule of ____. Exposure to chemicals in the workplace is typically ____ intense than exposure to chemicals in the natural environment. |
respiratory
skin under-reporting halves more |
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The following global ecological changes have occurred:
-Stratospheric ozone ____, greenhouse effect and global warming, deforestation and desertification, loss of ____, interregional transport of pollution and large-scale resource ____. Causes of these changes include, ____ development, economic pressure on agriculture, as well as intentional destruction from ___. |
depletion
biodiversity depletion industrial war |
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Ozone in the ____ provides a vital protective shield against harmful UV radiation. Ozone in the troposphere is an air ____: a constitute of ____ smog and green house gas.
Ozone depletion reduces the ____ of UV radiation and thus ____ exposure to UV radiation at Earth's surface. Carbon ____ accumulation and increased cloud cover tend to offset ozone depletion. Particular chemicals that destroy ozone are the ____ (chlorflurocarbons) released through ____ activity. |
stratosphere
pollutant; photochemical absorption; increases monoxide; CFCs industrial |
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Health effects of ozone depletion are associated with UV radiation: ___ cancer, accelerated aging of ____ and cataracts.
The Greenhouse effect is used to describe how the Earth's atmosphere acts like the ___ of glass in a greenhouse: it traps ___ that is created by infrared sunlight radiation so global temperature ____. Causes include the release of increased amounts of greenhouse gases such as carbon ____, water vapor, methane, CFCs, NOx and ____. Carbon dioxide is the most important, accounting for ____ of the greenhouse effect. |
skin; skin
panes; heat; increases dioxide; ozone half |
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Global warming is likely to produce extreme weather conditions ____ frequently.
Health problems associated with this include: heat stress, natural weather ____, changes in the distribution of ____, new infectious disease patterns, unreliable crop ____, local food ____, and flooding. Solutions include reducing the generation of _____ gases and increasing the capacity of the sink for Carbon dioxide by stopping _____ and increasing forest growth.. |
more
disasters vectors production shortages greenhouse deforestation |
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Acid precipitation occurs when rainwater, snow and other forms of precipitation have a ____ than natural pH as a result of dissolved acidic chemicals that occur from ___ pollution.
Acid precipitation is highly detrimental to ___ life and some terrestrial species. It is most severe in Canada and Scandinavia. |
lower
air aquatic |
