Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Traditional Hazards
|
natural toxins, infections, parasites, injuries, cold and hot temperatures, rain snow, natural disaster
|
|
|
|
traditional hazards still exist
|
unsafe drinking water, lack of sanitation
|
|
|
|
Modern Hazards
|
air pollution from industry and cars, water pollution from industry, agricultural chemical exposures, unbalanced diet
|
|
|
|
Environmental Health
|
branch of PH that deals with the effects of environmental agents on human health
|
|
|
|
Supportive environments
|
Focus is on how good environments enhance health
|
ex: Building healthy housing, reducing tobacco smoking, reducing traffic hazards
|
|
|
5 Basic Requirements for a Healthy Environment
|
o Clean Air
o Safe and sufficient water o Adequate and safe food o Safe and peaceful settlements o Stable global environment |
|
|
|
Environmental monitoring
|
measurement of pollutants in air, water, food, soil and work
|
|
|
|
Exposure assessment
|
measuring lead in blood, hair, urine; questionnaires, biomarkers
|
|
|
|
Epidemiology
|
determining health effects and risk in human populations
|
|
|
|
Demographic transition
|
shift from high mortality and high birth rates to low mortality and low birth rates
|
|
|
|
Epidemiological transitions
|
less communicable disease and more chronic non- communicable disease
|
|
|
|
Health hazard transition
|
traditional to modern hazards
|
|
|
|
T/F
Environmental health standards are usually much stricter than occupational standards |
True
|
|
|
|
Fill in:
Hazard results is a risk if there has been .... |
Exposure
|
|
|
|
5 Types of Environmental Hazards and Examples of each
|
o Biological: bacteria, viruses, pathogens
o Chemical Hazards: toxic metals, air pollutants, pesticides o Physical: radiation, noise, temperature o Mechanical: mva, injuries from sports, home, agriculture, and workplace, intentional injury like war, homicide/suicide, child abuse o Psychosocial: stress, discrimination, unemployment |
|
|
|
Biological hazards: Transmission and Examples
|
Air
Contaminated food, water Vectors(mosquito=west Nile, malaria) Person-to-person: blood, urine, sexual contact |
|
|
|
T/F
All chemicals are toxic to some degree, depending on dose |
True
|
|
|
|
5 Routes of exposure
|
Inhalation
Oral ingestion Skin Placental transfer Breast feeding |
|
|
|
Chemical will undergo a dynamic process in body after exposure: Name steps process
|
Absorption (GI tract, respiratory and skin)
Distribution: to target organs Metabolism (biotransformation) Excretion (from urine, feces, hair and sweat) |
|
|
|
T/F
Metabolism Always leads to bio activation: reactive metabolites causing increased toxicity |
False
|
|
|
|
Name a PCP and TCDD exposure health effect:
|
chloracne (acne on face and back)
|
|
|
|
What type of Hazard and radiation is:
α, β, γ-radiation, x-ray |
Physical hazard and ionizing radiation
|
|
|
|
Give examples of nonionizing radation
|
UV, UVB, UVC
|
|
|
|
The most well-documented health effects of UV exposure is...
|
skin cancer
|
|
|
|
4 Elements of Risk Assessment
|
1. Hazard ID
2. Dose-response assesment 3. Exposure Assesment 4. Risk Characterization |
|
|
|
Cluster Disease
|
1. Period of Time
2. Geographical 3. Population |
|
|
|
Non-threshold response
|
More harmful b/c with increase with increase with dose.
EX: CARCINOGENICITY |
|
|
|
NOAEL
|
established by subchronic toxicity test
|
|
|
|
ADI=
|
NOAEL/UF
|
|
|
|
Environmental monitoring
|
measures concentration of contaminants in environment
ex: Lead in air |
|
|
|
Biological monitoring
|
Measures dose of a compoung in biological systems
ex: "biomarkers" lead in blood |
|
|
|
Approach to managing risk
|
1. risk evaluation
2. risk perception and communication 3. control of exposure 4. risk monitoring |
|
|
|
What is the most important aspect of treatment?
|
removal from exposure
|
|
|
|
Below .1 um
|
ultrafine particles
|
|
|
|
Below 2.5 um
|
fine particles
|
|
|
|
Coarse paricles
|
between 10-2.5 um
|
|
|
|
Above 10um
|
larger particles
|
|
|
|
What property of particles governs how far the particles will tend to go in the respiratory tract?
|
size. the smaller are more toxic
|
|
|
|
Preferred measurments of particulate air
|
PM10 and PM 2.5
|
|
|
|
T/F
A gas that is insoluable in water will more efficiently penetrate to the deepest structure of the lung |
True
|
|
|
|
So2
|
- major component of London smog and Acid Rain
- most likely to be found in reducing smog |
|
|
|
No2
|
- more toxic than NO
- more reactive |
|
|
|
O3
|
photochemcial smog
|
|
|
|
Photochemical smog components
|
1. NO2
2. Hydrocarbons 3. sunlight |
|
|
|
2 forms of air standard
|
1. ambiet air quality standards
2. emmision standards |
|
|
|
T/F
The health effects elicted by aflotoxings that fungi produce are contagious |
False
|
|
|
|
Which of the following species reaches its peak value last on a smog forming day
|
Oxidants
|
|
|
|
Waterborne diseases
|
- Cryptosporidiosis
- typhoid - cholera |
|
|
|
Legionella
|
Not parasitic
|
|
|
|
Indoor air polutants
|
-radon
-tobacco smoke |
|
|
|
4 most important sources of water pollution
|
1. domestic sewage
2. industrial effluent 3. storm/urban runn off 4. agriculture runoff |
|
|
|
Microbiological standards
|
E.Coli= 0 in any 100ml
|
|
|
|
T/F
The same type of degree of treatment is applied to surface water and groundwater as drinking water supplies |
False
|
|
|
|
Aluminum sulfate
|
most commonly used coagulant
|
|
|
|
Most comonly used method for disinfection of drinking water is ...
|
additon of CHLORINE
|
|
|
|
ACTIVATED SLUDGE FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT IS TO REMOVE
|
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
AND A FORM OF SECONDARY WATER TX |
|
|
|
PAHs
|
Tobacco smoke
|
|
|
|
Yellow fever is transmitted by...
|
vector
|
|
|
|
T/F
The presence of indicator microorganisms in water is a reliable indicator of the potential contamination by pathogens |
True
|
|
|
|
Low rate of degradation and persistent in environment...
|
Organochlorine compounds
|
|
|
|
Acute toxicity:
A= LD50 is .1mg/kg B= LD50 is 10 mg/kg Interpret |
Acute toxicity of A >B
|
|
