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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Causes of Plate Tectonics
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Sonar maps show mantle plumes,
Paleomagnetism - magnetic striping of the ocean floor basalts and periodic magnetic reversal Radiometric age dating- assigning absolute ages of extrusive igneous rocks |
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Three major types of tectonic interaction
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Divergent(Constructive), convergent (destructive), and transform (conservative)
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mantle convection
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earths internal heat drives convection b/c deepest material is the hottest
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8 Most abundance elements in earths crust
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O2, silicon, aluminum, iron, magnesium, sodium, calcium, and potassium
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chemical bonding
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determines mineral hardness and solubility
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molecular structures of silicate minerals
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single tetrahedra, single chain, double chain, sheet and framework silicates
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Mineral Families
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Silicates: Quartz, feldspar, ferromagnesians
Carbonates: Lime and dolomite Oxides: Hematite Sulfides: Pyrite and galena Sulfates: Gypsum |
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Rocks vs. Minerals
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minerals are single large crystals
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rock cycle
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solidification-> weathering->lithification->metamorphism->melting
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Bowens Reaction series
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high temp minerals crystallize first
low temp minerals melt first |
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common igneous rock types
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Quartz, Intermediate, Mafic, ultramafic
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Sedimentary Rocks
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Sandstone, Siltstone, Shale, Limestone
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Metamorphic Rocks
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Quartzite, Marble, Slate, Schist, Gneiss
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5 common physical weathering methods
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pressure-relief fracturing, frost wedging, abrasion, organic activity, thermal expansion/contraction
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Three Chemical weathering processes
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Dissolution, hydrolysis, oxidation
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Soils and regolith
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plant growth
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three common soil types
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Laterites->very humid
Pedalfers->moderately humid Pedocals->arid |
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drainage basin
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all water that enters a geographic region exits via one stream
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Stream Discharge
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Discharge = widthxdepthxvelocity
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Alluvial Fans
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Arid and semi arid, angular and poorly sorted clasts,
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Deltas
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well rounded and sorted clasts
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Natural levees
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Abrupt reduction in stream competence deposits sediment as bankfull stage is exceeded
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Causes of Mass movement
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Slope steepness, bedrock characteristics, loose material, water/vegetation, vibration
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Types of Mass Movement
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In order of speed:
Creep, Flow, Slide, Fall |
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Contributing Factors to Avalanches
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Snow weight, slope steepness and aspect, weak boundaries between layers, and triggers
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Types of Avalanched
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Slab and Powder
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Earthquake movement types
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Strike-slip(sideswipe), Normal(tension), Reverse(compression), Thrust(compression shallow angle)
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Hypocenter
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underground origin
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Epicenter
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Surface directly above of hypocenter
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Compressional waves
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rock vibration, parallel to direction of wave travel, travel through solids, liquids and gases.
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Shear
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rock vibrate perpendicular to direction of wave travel, only travel through solids
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Body Waves
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P-waves: Primary, compressional waves, always arrive first
S-waves: Secondary, transverse, arrive last |
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Surface Waves
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Love Waves: vibrate horizontally, arrive third
Rayleigh waves: mimic ocean waves, arrive last |
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Kinetics of an Earthquake
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Elastic energy overcomes frictional energy along fault place, converted to seismic energy
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Attributes of Earthquake strength
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Intensity: human perception of shaking
Magnitude: measure of energy, using a logarithmic scale |
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Location of earthquake
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time between first p wave and s wave times 5 gives number of miles away
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Tsunami generation
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usually caused by vertical movement of water
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Basic characteristics of tsunamis
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about 500 mph, velocity slows as depth decreases, trailing crests catch up with and combine with waves ahead of them.
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