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124 Cards in this Set
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Environmental ethics big idea |
The role of human in the environment has been discussed since ancient times. Yeah only in recent decades have we attempted to Define appropriate human behavior and the context of environment. Environmental ethics study is immoral relationship of human to the environment and its nonhuman contents. Systems of environmental ethics very regarding who or what has value. |
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Environmental ethics |
A system of beliefs based on the moral relationship of humans to the environment and its nonhuman contents. Systems of environmental ethics Theory regarding who or what has value |
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Virtue ethics |
A system of values based on the belief that an action is right if it is motivated by virtue such as kindness honesty loyalty and justice. |
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Consequence based ethics |
A system of beliefs that emphasizes the importance of outcomes. Right and wrong are defined in terms of pleasure or pain, benefit or harm and justification or dissatisfaction. And the action is right depending on whether or not it delivers pleasure, benefit or satisfaction. |
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Utilitarianism |
An example of consequence based ethics that defines right actions as those that deliver the greatest good to the greatest number. |
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Who is Gifford Pinchot |
He was a conservationist. |
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What was Gifford Pinchot approach to environmental decisions |
It was clearly utilitarian |
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According to consequence based ethics, building the hetch hetchy reservoir was |
was right because it benefited a far greater number of people than did the perservation alternative. ( note that the same action would be judged unethical if it benefited fewer people than it harmed) |
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Immanuel Kant advocated for |
Duty based ethics |
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Duty based ethics |
A set of beliefs that the rightness or wrongness of action should be determined by a set of rules or laws. |
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Duty based ethics example |
Can suggested that it is always wrong to lie, even if line has a positive outcome.
( m u i r s preservationist View of hetch hetchy was grounded and Duty based ethics, arguing that destroying a wild place of natural beauty is wrong regardless of how it might benefit humans. |
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Intrinsic value |
The View that a person, organism, or object is valued as an end unto itself. |
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Instrumental value |
The view that a thing is valued as means to some other end. |
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Anthropocentric ethics |
Anthropocentric ethics assigns intrinsic value only two humans it defines right actions in terms of outcomes for human beings. |
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Anthropocentric View |
Other organisms and objects have instrumental value because they contribute to human well-being. The conservationist view of the Environmental Management is certainly anthropocentric. Things that are not essential to our well-being, such as a place of beauty (Yosimite) or a charismatic animal panda bear require instrumental value because humans happen to care about them |
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Biocentric ethics |
A system of values based on the belief that the value of other living things is equal to the value of humans. It extends intrinsic value to individual organisms Beyond human beings semicolon organisms do not need to benefit humans in order to have value. |
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First distinctive School of biocentric ethics |
Some biocentrist argue that for Some biocentrist argue that for that for that for a thing to have intrinsic value, it must be able to experience pleasure or satisfaction. Therefore, it must possess qualities such as self-perception, desires, memory, and a sense of future. In this view animals such as dogs, chimpanzees, and porpoises have intrinsic value, but plants and animals lacking a complex nervous system do not. This biocentric ethics motivates many in the animal rights movement. |
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Second distinct School of biocentric ethics |
Other biocentric ethicists argue that any individual organism that is a product of Natural Evolution has intrinsic value. Therefore, an amoeba, or a jellyfish has the same value as a porpoise or a chimpanzee. |
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Eco-centric ethics |
is system of values base on the belief that collections of organisms or critical features in the environment have intrinsic value. |
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Aldo Leopold's assertion that a thing is right when it tends to preserve the Integrity stability and beauty of the biotic community is an example of |
Ecocentris. In the ecocentrist ethicist my argue that because hunting individual animals improves the health of species populations by removing disease animal, it is a right action. |
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What do biocentrist believe about hunting? |
On the other hand many biocentrist argue that hunting is unethical because it violates the intrinsic value of the individual organism |
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The most expensive form of egocentrism asserts that |
Intrinsic value derives directly from naturalness. |
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Philosopher Andrew Brennan argues |
Dying natural entity such as a river has intrinsic value and is not a mere instrument. Nature does not exist in order to meet our particular needs. Instead it deserves more respect and its own right. Because we are in the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat, all elements of the environment have equal intrinsic value. Humans have no right to diminish the diversity and Riches of Earth's ecosystem except to meet vital needs. This concept is the basis for what is called deep ecology movement |
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Deep ecology movement |
The View that all elements of the environment have equal intrinsic value and deserve more respect in their own right. |
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Ecofeminism |
The View that exploitation abuse of the environment and women derive from male domination. Many eco-feminist today point out that women often suffer disproportionately from Human destruction of the environment. This connection is made in the obvious play of women in developing countries who must tend crops and gather fuel wood and badly degraded environments. Eco-feminist & Noble Prize winner linguri Maffei so how deforestation in Kenya deprived women of fuel and led to erosion of the soil they farmed. In 1977 she established the green belt movement to organize women to plant trees and affect reforesting the land in the dust improving their lives by taking care of the environment that takes care of them. |
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Environmental justice |
The principle that in the management of Natural Resources in the environment, people should be treated fairly regardless of race, gender, or economic status. |
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The environment and the marketplace big idea |
Many activities that affect the environment are associated with buying physical Goods such as food and clothing, and intangible services, such as Transportation on airplane or buses. In economic system is made up of the institutions and interactions in a society that influence the production, distribution, and consumption goods and services. In a market economy, supply and demand determine the price and level of production for goods and services. The price that consumers are willing to pay depends on their perceived need for a good or service a commodity and the time they'll receive it. When prices do not include all the cost and benefits of a commodity, markets May produce incentives for production or consumption that cannot be sustained without depleting natural resources or damaging the environment |
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Economic system |
The institutions and interactions in a society that influence the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. |
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Subsistence economy |
A basic economic system in which a society meets its needs from its environment without accumulating wealth. |
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What happens to individuals who live within a subsistence economy |
May barter to exchange goods and services, but there is no currency. Because people in subsistence economies do not accumulate a surplus of goods, their well-being depends on the continual renewal of resources from their environment. |
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Examples of subsistence economies |
Societies of hunter-gatherers fishermen or farmers who live on what they catch or grow are examples of subsistence economies. |
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market economies |
The production and consumption of goods and services in markets Guided by prices based on system currency. Individuals and businesses decide on their own what to produce or purchase. Producers are free to determine the price and amount of what they produce. Consumers are free to select what they purchased from among different producers. |
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Free market economy |
An economy in which the government does not influence the marketplace with subsidies taxation or regulation. |
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Planned economy |
An economy in which the government regulates of prices of goods and services and the level of production. A government May simply set production, prices, and salaries by decree. More commonly, planned economics or controls through a combination of Regulation, incentives, subsidies, grants, and Taxation. |
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Supply and demand |
the availability and price good or service is determined by interaction of supply and demand and establishes economic value |
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Commodity |
A good or service bought and sold in an economic Market. Underlying economic activity is the idea of a value attached to commodities. In most cases money serves as a measure of Commodities value. And you cannot make terms what sets of value is the principal of supply and demand. |
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Scottish philosopher Adam Smith proposed what he believed to be the basic principles motivating the production and consumption of good and services in society |
Smith noted that when a commodity was in short supply its price increased. As a result the producer had a greater profit. Smith argued an increase in price and profit creates incentives for others to produce the same commodity. Supply then increases with a greater Supply, competition among producers motivates them to lower prices. If the prices for the commodity drop to near the cost of its production, incentives for production Decline and supplies decrease. Smith referred to as interaction among Supply, price, NM competition as invisible hand of the economy. |
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Profit |
The difference between the cost to produce a commodity and its price in the marketplace. |
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Neoclassical economic theory. |
Determination of the price and production of goods and services through the interaction of supply and demand. |
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Neoclassical economy theory is based on which two key assumptions about human behavior |
1. It is assumed that those who produce and sell goods and services act to maximize profit. 2. Equally important, it assumes that consumers choose among alternative goods and services based on the satisfaction or benefit they expect to receive from them. In other words Neil classical Economist argued that consumers invariably asked to maximize their satisfaction or benefit relative to cost. |
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Economic value |
The economically value of a good or a service is determined by both consumers need for it and the time when they receive it |
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Economic value definition |
A Kimani is value determined by the price that consumers are willing to pay for it. Typically that price is largely determined by the benefit that a consumer perceives in a commodity. For example if you have the means you might choose to spend 10000 on a luxury car even though at that price you could easily by four or five cars of good quality. Does, that you can Ahmad value of a product is not determined by the cost of production rather it is set by what consumers are willing to pay. |
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Misconception if we do not set a price on resources such as the air we breathe or the beauty of a nearby Forest do they therefore have no value |
Do not confuse price with value. The price of anything is an amount set by seller - is economic value is what we might be willing to pay or give up. Most of us Place great value on these Priceless resources, and we would gladly pay for them if necessary. |
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Opportunity cost |
The cost of buying anything is equal to the economic value of the best alternative use of that money. For example the fishmonger who was asked to pay $10 for fish to be delivered a year from now might be able to invest a $10 in the stock market and earn an additional $3. The opportunity cost for buying the fish in advance would be $3. Our fishmongers willingness to pay will be further diminished buy risks or uncertainties about the future. For example illness or equipment problems may affect to the fisherman's ability to deliver fish in the future. Or the actual price of fish a year from now might be lower than the price today. Finally that you cannot make value of fish to be delivered at some future time depends heavily on the fishmongers current needs. If she is desperate to have fish for her shop immediately she's unlikely to spend $10 for a fish that won't be delivered until a year from now. Two heard that fish is of little value. Another word she is likely to assign a very high discount rate to fish delivered in the future. |
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Externalities |
The cost and benefits associated with the production of a commodity that affect people other than buyers and sellers. Externalities can be positive or negative |
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Positive externalities |
Positive externalities arise when a third party benefits from an economically transaction between others. For example a Timber Company May maintain a healthy forest in order to maximize profits when the timber is harvested. People who do not buy or sell Timber can enjoy the recreation wildlife and beauty that the healthy Forest provides. These benefits are positive externalities. |
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Negative externalities |
Negative externalities in park cost to individuals who are either buyers or sellers. For example the Timber Company might Harvest its forest in a manner that pollutes the streams or diminishes the property value of nearby homes. Here, people who are not involved in the buying and selling of Timber nevertheless pay a cost. |
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Valuing ecosystems big idea |
Ecosystem services such as clean water and beautiful scenery, are not usually bought and sold, but they do have economic value. Their value can be measured by assessing people's willingness to pay for actions that can serve them. Their value can also be assessed by estimating the cost that people must pay if services are lost many measures of national wealth can I capture the impacts of activities that diminish natural resources or degrade the environment. |
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Economic valuation of ecosystem services |
Willingness to pay can be used to measure the relative economic value of ecosystem services. |
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Marginal value |
The difference in people's willingness to pay for one action compared to an alternative. |
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Marginal value example |
For example the marginal value ever moving the O'Shaughnessy Dam and restoring hetch hetchy could be assessed by asking citizens of San Francisco how much they would be willing to pay for their water if this alternate we're pursued. The difference between how much they would currently pay and how much they would be willing to pay if the damn were removed is a marginal value of restoring the ecosystem. Noticed that the emphasis of marginal valuation is on benefits that are added or lost to humans, not ecosystems. |
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Travel cost valuation |
A valuation method based on the amount of money that people are willing to pay for transportation and lodging to visit a particular place. Travel cost estimates may also include the cost of building and maintaining the roads and infrastructure for these destinations. This valuation technique has largely been applied to cultural, aesthetic, and recreational Services associated with those places. |
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Hedonic valuation |
Economic value that is determined by the difference in the market price of real estate that is affected by different environmental alternatives. |
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Hedonic valuation examples |
The hedonic value of public park can be estimated by the difference between the price that people are willing to pay for property near the park compared to the price they will pay for property elsewhere. Similarly, some of those economic cost of a municipal waste facility might be measured by its effects on the value of houses nearby compared to the value of similar house is located far away from the facility. |
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Contingent valuation |
The estimates of the value of an ecosystem service gained by serving people's willingness to pay for that service. |
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Contingent valuation examples |
For example, to determine that you can Ahmad value of an endangered species, respondents might be asked to provide a statement of what they would be willing to pay for actions and and its conservation. The value of a proposed restoration of hetch hetchy might be estimated by surveying the willingness of citizens to contribute to its restoration, either directly or through increased taxes |
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Contingent example continued |
Contingent valuation has been applied to a wide variety of situations however the uncertainties associated with his technique make its use controversial. Contingent valuation assumes that respondents expression of their willingness to pay is an accurate expression of what they would actually pay. This is sumption may be untrue. Many Studies have shown that expressions of willingness to pay are heavily influenced by how much respondents know about particular ecosystem services and alternative actions. We are likely to assign greater value to things we understand and to those we don't. |
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Ecological valuation |
The value of ecosystem Services can be measured by the cost of their possible loss. |
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And they're booked natural Capital, Paul Hawkins, Amory Lovins, and Hunter Lovins argue |
that all of Earth's resources should be viewed as an economic capital. They Define a natural Capital as all of Earth's resources that are necessary to produce the ecosystem services on which we depend. Because Human a curtains can improve or degrade these resources, our actions yield consequences that have a true monetary value. |
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Natural capital |
All of Earth's resources that are necessary to produce the ecosystem services on which we depend. |
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Ecological valuation |
Determination of the ecological value of the potential cost of the loss or degradation of an ecosystem service. (The natural capital concept is a basis for ecological valuation) |
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Ecological valuation example |
The 2000 BP oil spill reveal the high ecological value of the services provided by Gulf of Mexico ecosystems. Economist have determined that the spill directly or indirectly affected at least 20 categories of ecosystem services, including commercial fishing, tourism and hurricane protection by Coastal Marshalls. A recent study suggests that the total value of these services in the Mississippi River delta alone has 12 through 14 $ billion per year |
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Vermont Professor Robert constanza used |
Ecological valuation techniques to estimate the annual value of All Earth's ecosystem services. Costanza's team revised their estimate upward to 125 million dollars a year this represents the cause that would be inflicted if the services were suddenly withdrawn. Their valuation demonstrates a significant economic Consequences of the degradation of economic services. |
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Measuring The Wealth of Nations |
Measures of national wealth May externalized the cost of degraded ecosystems and their capacity to generate future wealth. |
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Gross domestic product |
Gross domestic product determination of the total value of goods and services produced by the citizens of a country divided by its population size.
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GDP is a measure of a country's |
GDP is a measure of a country's economic standing. Governments an international organization also use GDP as a basis for assigning financial aid and making loans to Nations. |
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The number of Economist have noted that certain actions increase a country's GDP but |
A number of Economist have noted that certain actions increase a country's GDP but reduces human and natural resources, thereby reducing the country's capacity to generate future wealth, and short-term over-harvesting 4S or fisheries and Mining practices that pollute the ground generate income and add to GDP but in the long-term these practices diminish the wealth of the country. The situation is similar to a shopkeeper who sells his entire inventory and does not restocking shelves. The shopkeeper will make money in the short-term but his capacity to do so in the future is greatly diminished |
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In recent years, the United Nations as used |
Used the genuine progress indicator to measure the sustainability of a country's human and environmental resources. GPI is the GPD plus or minus the economic value of positive or negative impacts on the environment. Actions such as the deconstruction of forest and the neglect of Waste Management Systems. Diminish a country's GPI. Reforestation and investment in healthcare and prove sustainability and increase a country's GPI |
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Genuine process indicator |
An alternative measure of national wealth using GDP plus or minus that you cannot make value of enhancements or degradations to the environment and to human communities. |
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Misconception does gross domestic product measure a country's true wealth? |
GDP is simply the sum total of goods and services bought and sold in a country. It does not measure the capacity of a country to provide those goods and services in the future. In fact, some activities that actually diminished future Wells, such as exploitation of non-renewable resources or poor farming practices, can increase GDP in the short term. |
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Environmental Policy deciding and acting big idea |
Policies are principles that guide governments in other institution in setting goals, making decisions, and carrying out activities. Environmental policies are rules that guide decisions and actions that influence environmental conditions or processes. Policy goals may be achieved through regulation, incentives, Partnerships and volunteerism. |
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Environmental Policy: Deciding and Acting. : environmental policies typically fall into one of eight categories |
This issues that influenced environmental policies typically fall into one of eight categories 1 government versus individual control, 2 competing public values 3 uncertainty and action for which level of government decides, 5 which government agency has jurisdiction, 6 production against selfish actions, 7 the best means to an end and 8 political power relationships. |
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The policy cycle |
Environmental policy evolves in a cycle and guides several kinds of actions. |
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Policy cycle |
The stepwise process by which governments and communities develop and revise policies and laws.( Governments typically develop and revised policy through a series of steps called policy cycle) the cycle begins with a definition of the problem to be solved. Next step is setting the agenda, the process of determining who will deal with a particular issue and when. |
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Policy cycle stages 1 |
Problem definition In the case of environmental science those problems will often be environmental in nature |
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The policy cycle stages two |
Setting the agenda Setting the agenda is largely determining who's going to work to deal with the problem |
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Policy cycle stage 3 |
Formulating policy This occurs through a process of public hearings, debates and lobbying in which interested parties represent their positions on the issue policies can take many forms such as regulations, sentence, Partnerships, and volunteerism after policy has been formed it could be adopted. |
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The policy cycle stage 4 |
Adopting policy could be enacting a new law or changing a management practice |
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The policy cycle Stage 5 |
Implementation or putting a policy into action. |
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The policy cycle stage 6 |
Assessment. Assessment can be involved in news media, public as well as public officials to the policy implemented work as expected. Is possible that the policy did not work out could be terminated. |
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The policy cycle stage 7 |
Policy termination if the policy did not work well it could be terminated it's also possible that the policy could be revised. |
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Policy cycle stage 8 |
Policy revision
it is possible the policy could be revised. Based on updated information. |
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Regulatory mandate |
Policies or laws that set legal standards for actions. For example in 1975 the US Congress enacted corporate average fuel economy regulations which required automobile companies to meet the standards for fuel economy set by the national highway traffic safety administration and verified by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Other policies are implemented by means of incentives which action by offering something appealing. |
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Incentive |
Policies that are implemented by encouraging action through the offering of something appealing to take action. |
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Market-based policies |
The use of economic markets to guide environmental actions. Search policies often use a combination of regulatory mandates and incentives in the form of credits or the rights that are bought and sold. For example cap-and-trade is a market-based policy in which a regulatory limit or cap is set on an action braids to exceed that limit are traded in markets. |
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Cap and trade |
American bass policy in which a regulatory limit or cap is set on an action the rights to exceed that limit are traded in markets. |
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Volunteerism |
Work performed freely on behalf of a community. Some policies promote volunteerism for example the Smokey Bear and woodsy Owl campaigns were developed by the US Forest Service to encourage voluntary behavior that would control destructive wildfires and diminish
littering. |
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What important environmental issues are facing you? |
Do you know how important environmental policies are shaped in your community or on your campus? Select a particular issue recently decided by your local government describe the policy process that led to that decision. Which among the eat policy issues Richard Andrews has identified have played a role in that policy process explain |
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Policy decision framework |
Environmental policy debates often Center on one of the eight issues a wide variety of issues can affect Environmental Policy however University of North Carolina political science Richard Andrew suggests that debates over Environmental Policy usually fall into one of the following eight categories |
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Richard Andrew suggest that debates over Environmental Policy usually fall into one of the following eight categories |
Government versus individual control Decisions related to Transportation energy use or waste disposal are frequently left to individuals. However the amount of control given to individuals varies from region to region for example some countries and cities leave decisions about recycling metal cans, bottles, and newspapers to the discretion of individuals. Other communities provide recycling services but do not require citizens to use them. So other communities impose fines on those who violate recycling laws. Who should make these decisions government or individuals? |
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8 categories2 |
2 competing public values decisions about environmental policy often involve trade-offs with other public benefits most notably economic growth. For example policies for the management of the u.s. national forests are often influenced by competing values, such as a protection of water endangered species versus that you cannot make benefits of jobs provided by the extraction of Timber. Whose value should have a priority? |
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Uncertainty in action |
In 2000 the European Union endorse was come to be known as the precautionary principle which is when there is no reasonable evidence that an action or policy may please human health or the environment at risk, precautionary measures should be taken, even in the context of uncertainty. In practice policymakers must agree a I'm what constitutes reasonable risk. They must also agree on the trade-offs between different kinds of risks. For example a policy Banning the use of pesticides May lower the risk of certain adverse health effects but increase the risk of lower Crop Production |
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Which level of government decides |
Many different levels of government are involved in regulating actions related to the environment. And the United States for example a federal agency the US Environmental Protection Agency sets irregular Tori standards for air quality. |
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Which government agency has jurisdiction |
Many different governmental departments and agencies have responsibility for functions that affect the environment. For example responsibility for controlling the flow of water in rivers resides with both the Bureau of Reclamation in the department of interior and the Army corpse of engineers in the Department of Defense. When the responsibilities of agencies overlap or are poorly defined, the result can be confusion, gridlock or finger-pointing. |
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Protection against selfish actions |
Scientist philosopher Garrett Hardin argued that conflict between individual interest and the common good is inevitable when people compete for shared, limited resources, such as fish in the public lake or grazing rights and the public pasture. If individual interest Prevail the common resources are likely to be overexploited. He called this form of exploitation the tragedy of the commons. Which is the overexploitation of common resources that occurs when individual interest Prevail over the common good. |
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Tragedy of the commons |
The overexploitation of common resources that occurs when individual interest Prevail over the common good. |
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The best means to an end |
In many policy debates people agree on the desired outcome but disagree about the appropriate strategies for achieving it. Should regulation being forced with financial or civil penalties? Should incentives take the form of subsidies, text benefits, or cap and trademarks, for example advocates for politics aimed at reducing emissions of carbon dioxide to the Earth's atmosphere disagree on the best way to achieve that end. |
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Political power relationships |
Money policy challenges rise as a consequence of complicated decision making processes. Collective decisions and a democracy often required compromises, but you may produce less than ideal outcomes. The role of the power relationships in the US Congress such as which party holds the majority is well known. Power relationships can Also Rises because of the geographical distribution of resources. For example fossil fuels such as coal and oil are not distributed on informally among states and countries the distribution influences of policy positions of these different entities it's also a major factor in determining the power of the individual states or Nation to push their own policy positions |
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Us environmental law & policy big idea |
in the United States, environmental policies and laws are influenced by actions of the different branches of the federal, state, and local governments. Provisions in the US Constitution set a framework for the development of many policies, laws and Court decisions. Us environmental policy and law have changed is a response to changing human values. |
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Governmental functions |
The three branches of the federal government and state and local governments play unique roles in setting environmental policy. |
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Regulations |
A set of specific rules that establish standards and for performance, programs to ensure compliance, and protocols for enforcement. |
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Case law |
The various decisions made by the individual chords collectively that establish precedents and influence future Court decisions. |
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When was the Clean Air Act passed by Congress and who was the president during that time |
In 1970 Congress passed the Clean Air Act President Richard Nixon signed it into law. A closer look at the law that governs air quality demonstrates how the three branches but the government work together to create, Implement, and interpret environmental policies. It was the first act to set standards for air quality and to set requirements for states to achieve them. |
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After the Clean Air Act was passed what did Nixon establish? |
Nixon established the US Environmental Protection Agency EPA by executive order. The EPA was created for the purpose of protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws by Congress. The executive order establishing the EPA was subsequently ratified by Congress. Since 1970, through Court decisions, the judicial branch was confirmed the epa's role in defining, setting standards for, and regulating pollutants. |
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Example of epa's role in defining, setting standards for, and regulating pollutants. |
In 2007 for example, the Supreme Court ruled that carbon dioxide is a pollutant and Falls within the jurisdiction of the Clean Air Act. They further ruled that the EPA has a responsibility to regulate CO2 emissions from Automobiles and Industrial resources. The Trump Administration has reversed Obama's administration policies for how the EPA should meet these responsibilities but the responsibilities remain in place nonetheless. |
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The Constitution and environmental policy |
Several articles and amendments to the US Constitution significantly influence environmental policy. |
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Several articles and amendments of the Constitution have been especially relevant to the development of us environmental policy. |
Article 1 establishes the right of federal government to regulate foreign and Interstate Commerce. The federal government's rights to set rules regarding Transportation, the flow and quality of navigable Waters, Commerce affecting Wildlife, Mining, and transportation of Natural Resources such as oil, coal electricity derive from from the Commerce Clause of Article 1. |
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Article 4 includes the property clause, which enables government to dispose of it and make needful rules and regulations are suspecting the territory or other property of the United States. |
This article is the basis for laws and regulations governing public lands, including the establishment and management of national parks, national forest, and National Wildlife Refugees. It also is a basis for legislation that allows the government to protect his property by setting restrictions on nearby landowners. |
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The Fifth Amendment of the Constitution has many Provisions that influence environmental policy. Most importantly, it allows the government to take property for public use, but only if it provides just compensation. |
Is clear that the government must pay a landowner fair market value for land that it acquires for a road, military facility, or National Park. However, if the government establishes a regulation that restricts the use of private property, thereby diminishing the value of the property, Melissa government compensate the property owner. This question is Central to environmental policies affecting matter such as land use, regulation of pollution and protection of endangered species. However recent Court decisions have Affirmed that the government must provide compensation if a regulation removes most or all of the value of a property |
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The 14th Amendment added to the Constitution soon after the Civil War, requires that the states provide legal due process and equal protection to all citizens. Some see this amendment as a constitutional basis for environmental justice |
They are you that this amendment requires that the environmental services such as clean air and water must be provided equally to all citizens, regardless of race or economic status. Cortez who supported this interpretation in some situations but not others. For example case law requires consideration of equal protection issues if he knew waste facilities located in a salvage Community. Such consideration are not required if people knowingly choose food near and establish waste facility. |
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International environmental law & policy big idea |
International environmental policies and laws are established by long-standing Norms of behavior, treaties that are ratified by national governments, and decisions and president set in international courts. The United Nations, Regional Consortium Tama International Financial organization, and non-governmental organizations all play significant roles in the development of international environmental law & policy. Over the past four decades, Global policies and treaties have been developed to restore it to conserve the environment while promoting sustainable economic development in poor countries. |
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Environmental laws |
Environmental law derives from established custom, formal treaties, and judicial decisions. |
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Sovereignty |
The concept that a country may behave as it pleases within its borders as long as it does not violate International laws to which it has agreed. These International laws may be in one of three forms customary, conventional, or judicial. |
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Customary International laws |
They accepted Norms of behavior or rules that countries to follow the same matter of a long-standing precedent. The vast majority of the world's governments, including the United States, accept customary international law. For example is customary in international law that countries may not use their territory in such a way as to injure the territory of another country and that countries have a duty to warn other countries about environmental emergencies. Therefore, following the major earthquake and tsunami in 2011 Japan was obligated to notify other countries of series feelers at and releases of radioactive materials from its Fukushima daiichi nuclear facility. The exact time when a principle of action becomes a customary law is not clear-cut as a matter of frequent disagreement among countries. |
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Dimensional International laws |
Laws established by formal, legally binding conventions or tree among countries. In 1944 example the United States and 17 other countries in the Americas ratify the convention on nature protection and Wildlife preservation in the Western Hemisphere. By this treaty these nations agreed to protect migratory Birds and to take actions to prevent the extinction of any migratory species. |
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Judicial international law |
Standards for the actions of countries based on the decisions of international courts in tribunales. |
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Misconception do International treaties guarantee that the quality of our air and natural resource will be protected? |
No, because International trees depend first and foremost and the willingness of governments to participate. They also depend on the capacity of countries to fund and enforce the treaty say sign. Treaties Mayfield to protect resources one or all of these points. |
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International institutions |
Environmental policies and laws are influenced by a variety of international institutions. |
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United Nations the most important organization shaping International Environmental Policy law is the United Nations. |
The 54 member nations of the United Nations economic and social Council are charged with promoting International economic and social cooperation and development. As part of its charge that you can all makes and social Council overseas to agencies that play a significant role in the international policy. The United Nations development program provides countries with assistance to encourage environmentally sustainable development. United Nations environment programme coordinator environmental programs for the United Nations and has authority over Regional and Global environmental issues |
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Regional consorita |
Countries with in different regions have formed organizations to encourage communication and cooperation on matters of particular interest. For example the organization of American states represents 35 countries in the Western Hemisphere. Is Department of sustainable development coordinates policies and programs eat aimed at a l l e v i a t i n g poverty in promoting Economic Development its members Nations. |
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The European Union created to promote European unity and its influence in the world is one of the world's strongest Regional organizations |
It can sign treaties I'll be half of its 27 member countries also regulates their behavior in many Realms including the environment the EU European environment agency set standards in a number of areas including pollution habitat degradation Fisheries and waste management. Because you standards apply to many items important to EU countries, the EU exercise has considerable influence on the Environmental Management outside the region. |
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Multinational development Banks |
Institutions that provide financial and technical assistance to countries for economic, social, and environmental development. The largest of these Banks is the World Bank which provides long-term loans and grants the poorest countries in the world. Regional Banks such as African Development Bank and international American develop Development Bank provide similar support. These banks are funded by donations from wealthier countries in the past, development Banks frequently funded projects such as water diversions they community resettlement that had positive effects on human well-being but negative environmental consequences. Over the past two decades development beings have worked hard to incorporate principles of environmental sustainability into their programs |
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The WTO was created in 1955 to promote free trade by reducing obstacles to International Commerce and enforcing fairness in trading policies the objectives of sustainable development and Environmental Protection |
Are included in the introduction to the agreement that the WTO and its policies and programs have a significant influence on environmental Behavior. WTO agreements and judgments have confirmed the right of governments to protect the environment. However the globalization of markets facilitated by the WTO they also encourage the unsustainable use of resources in countries with weak environmental laws are countries without the human and financial resources to enforce them. |
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Non-governmental organizations |
Nongovernmental organizations legally constituted organizations in which there is no governmental participation or representation, have a significant influence on International Environmental Policy, some ngos such as Greenpeace advocate for 4 National laws and international treaties to protect the environment. Other ngos such as the World Wildlife Fund work with governments to develop the capacity to implement and enforce laws and treaties. |
