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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Definition of Enrichment |
‘Environmental enrichment is a concept which describes how the environments of captive animals can be changed for the benefit of the inhabitants. Behavioural opportunities that may arise or increase as a result of environmental enrichment can be appropriately described as behavioural enrichment.’ (Shepherdson 1994) |
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Goal of Enrichment 1 |
Increase behavioural diversity - Increase the number of behaviour patterns displayed - Create a normal distribution of behavioural patterns |
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Goal of Enrichment 2 |
Reduce the frequencies of abnormal behaviour - If present reduce the occurrence of abnormal behaviour - Note the absence of abnormal behaviour does not mean that animal welfare is good |
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Goal of Enrichment 3 |
Increase the range or number of normal behaviour patterns - Stimulate the occurrence of more behaviour patterns shown by wild conspecifics - Note: not all wild behaviour patterns are good for animals welfare; for example anti-predatory behaviour |
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Goal of Enrichment 4 |
Increase positive utilisation of the environment - By providing facilities in the enclosures that encourage much greater and more even space utilisation - Note: animals are not expected to use all areas of their enclosure equally; for example, animals might visit a latrine area only briefly each day |
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Goal of Enrichment 5 |
Increase the ability to cope with challenges in a more normal way - This means that when an animal is exposed to an acute stressor such as being captured for veterinary treatment it can cope - An animals ability to cope is usually dependant on it having some stress in its life |
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Sources of Stress in Zoos and Poor Animal Welfare in Zoos |
• Fixed routines • Boredom- No stimuli • Lack of Control • Too little space ~ quality of space over quantity of space, as long as they have minimum space required • The public • Zookeeper |
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Types of Environmental Enrichment |
• Social Contact • Sensory Stimulation • New Enclosure • Nutrition • Physical Enrichment • Novel Objects & Accessories |
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Naturalistic enclosures |
• Good if the animals can use it • Bad if unseen barrier is put up to prevent the animal to use it |
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Behavioural Engineering |
Creates a good stimuli but can look unnatural from the public’s perspective |
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Types of Enrichment: Social |
• Contact - Conspecific (pair, group, temporary, permanent) - Contraspecific (human, non-human) • Non-contact - Visual, auditory, co-operative device - Human, non-human |
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Occupational |
- Psychological (puzzles, control of environment) - Exercise (mechanical devices, run) |
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Physical |
• Enclosure - Size (alteration) - Complexity (panels for apparatus) • Accessories - Internal ~ Permanent (furniture, bars) ~ Temporary (toys, ropes, substrates) - External (hanging objects, puzzles) |
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Neophobic & Neophillic |
Neophobic- scared of new things Neophillic- like new things Neophobic animals like penguins need to get introduced to new things slowly Enrichment needs to be done at appropriate time of day or night And appropriate enrichment for each species |
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Sensory |
• Visual (tapes, television, images, windows) • Auditory (music, vocalisation) • Other Stimuli (olfactory, tactile, taste) |
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Nutritional |
• Delivery (frequency, schedule, presentation, processing) • Type (novel, variety, browse, treats) |
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Does Environmental Enrichment improve Animal Welfare? |
Yes, behavioural evidence- • Wild type time-budget ~ assumes that wild animals are not generally suffering • Abnormal behaviour- reduced or absent • Increased positive utilisation of enclosure • Increased learning capacity |
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Does Environmental Enrichment improve Animal Welfare? |
Yes, physiological evidence- • Stress hormones • Heart rate variability - high heart rate variability demonstrates an animal’s ability to cope with stressors it experiences |
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Does Environmental Enrichment improve Animal Welfare? |
Yes, Neurological evidence- • Increase in beau size of up to 5% when comparing animals kept in barren and enriched enclosures - The increase occurs primarily in the area of the visual cortex - This increase in size results not from a simple increase in perception of visual stimuli but through increased processing of spatial information • Enriched environments- increase dendrite (brain cells) density |
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Does Environmental Enrichment improve Animal Welfare? |
Yes, commercial evidence- • Research in the UK shows that over 95% of zoo visitors expect to see environmental enrichment - Animal welfare is rated as the most important thing for zoos to be concerned about • The way a person describes an animal is dependent on the animals rearing environments- this is independent of the animals current environment • Animals reared in enriched environments are described with positive adjectives, such as active, alert, inquisitive • Animals reared in barren environments are described with negative adjectives, such as lethargic, bored, disinterested |
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Other evidence |
• Environmental enrichment improves animal care givers job - it challenges their brain to think about how to stimulate the animals • Animals are much less stressed by animal care givers who are considerate and consistent in their interactions • Thus, enrichment should enrich both the animals and the people looking after them if it is managed properly |
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Health Benefits |
1. can minimise the possibility of pathogen transmission 2. Improve physical health of animals 3. Help with the diagnosis of certain health problems 4. Reduce the incidence of bodily sores 5. Reduce the incidence of oral and gingival health problems |
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How does Enrichment work? |
• It gives the animals some degree of control over their environment • Many of the animal welfare benefits appear to result from the effects of novelty |
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Enrichment X Stress |
Back (Definition) |
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Enrichment Planning |
Setting goals Planning Implementing Documenting Evaluating Re-adjusting |
Plan |
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Enrichment Planning |
Back (Definition) |
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Surprises |
ANIMALS DON’T LIKE SURPRISES |
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