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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The measurable aspects of any object
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dimensions
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The ratio of a substance mass to a unit volume
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density
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When an object is submerged in a liquid, the amt of liquid displaced is equal to volume of object
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Archimedes principle
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mass solute / total vol
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concentration
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moles per unit vol of substance
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molarity
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mass of compound / (total mass of solution + mass compound)
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mass percent
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total system pressure = sum of partial pressures
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Dalton's Law
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mass per unit time
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flow rate
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time required to fill container; avg time fluid spends in given reactor
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residence time
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how close measurement is to true value
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accuracy
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indicates how well measurement is made
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precision
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allows to describe level of confidence in measurements
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significant figures
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smallest part of an element
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atom
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neutral charge accompanied by positive charge
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nucleus
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negatively charged shell
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atomic shell
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fundamental substances distinguished by number of protons
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elements
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sum of protons and neutrons
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mass number
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atoms of same element that contain different number of neutrons
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isotopes
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equal to mass of one mole
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atomic weight
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sum of atomic weights in compound
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molecular weight
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reactive element that has unpaired electron in outermost shell
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radical; free radical
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atomic weight / valence (charge)
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equivalent weight
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mass of solute per volume of solution
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normality
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transformation of one or more elements (reactants) into different products
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chemical reactions
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elements are not created or destroyed
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law of conservation of mass
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compound that donates hydrogen ion or proton to another substance
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acid
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any substance that accepts a proton
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base
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can react as acid or base
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amphoteric
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strength of acid or base
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dissociation constant
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quantifies buffering capacity of system, how well system can resist change in pH
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alkalinity
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forward reaction when solid dissolves
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dissolution
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reverse reaction, when solid is formed by ions A and B combining
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precipitation
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relates system pressure, vol, temp, and number of moles
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ideal gas law
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gasses that can be well characterized by the ideal gas law equation
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ideal gasses
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shows that for an isothermal system containing a finite amt of gas pressure and vol are inversely proportional
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Boyle's law
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molar quantity of gas and system pressure remain constant and the vol and temp vary
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Charles' law
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cell without nucleus and membrane
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prokaryotic
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cell with nucleus and membrane
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eukaryotic
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cells with viruses
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acaryote
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groups of indiv organisms that have similar characteristics
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species
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groups of species that have major similarities
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genera
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group of organisms belonging to one species
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population
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# of populations living together
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community
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organisms that use inorganic carbon for synthesizing cellular components
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autotrophs
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accumulation of a toxic substance in lipids and fatty tissues of animals
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bioaccumulation
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formation of layers of water at different temperature and density
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stratification
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buildup of nutrients, organics, sediments in lake or body of water
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eutrophication
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probability that adverse effect or outcome will occur
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risk
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probability that no adverse effect or outcome will occur
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safety
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anything that produces adverse effect on human health or environment
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hazard
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coming into contact with a chemical through skin or orifices
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exposure
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process for testing organisms to see if certain toxins cause health effects
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bioassays
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toxicants capable of causing cancer
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carcinagins
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toxicants capable of causing birth defets
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teratogens
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mass of chemical received by exposed individual with units expressed in mg per kg bodyweight
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dose
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slope of the dose response curve
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slope factor; potency factor
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represents a unit process in which a chemical or biochemical reaction is taking place
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control volume
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study of the rate of a process or reaction
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kinetics
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time required for a compounds concentration to be reduced to 50% of initial concentration
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half-life
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flow regime will approach either ideal plug flow or ideal completely mixed flow
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continuous flow systems
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all the elements of the fluid that enter the system at a given time pass through the system at the same velocity, remain in the system the same amt of time, and exit at the same time
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plug flow
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when fluid elements that enter the system are instantaneously and uniformly dispersed throughout the system
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completely mixed flow
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hybrid of plug and completely mixed flow
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dispersed plug flow
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the volume divided by volumetric flow rate
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detention time
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study of energy changes resulting from physical and chemical processes
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thermodynamics
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the capacity for doing work
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energy
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transferring energy to an object by applying force and causing motion
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work
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the rate of doing work
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power
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energy cannot be created or destroyed, excluding nuclear reactions
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first law of thermodynamics
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there will always be waste heat released during energy conversions
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second law of thermodynamics
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form of internal energy
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heat
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a helium nucleus consisting of two protons and two neutrons
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alpha particle
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free electron emitted from an unstable nucleus
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beta particle
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electromagnetic waves or photons that do not have mass or charge and travel at the speed of light
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gamma radiation
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basic unit of radioactivity
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curie
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unit of gamma or x-ray radiation intensity
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roentgen
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unit of biological dose equal to radiation dose having the same biological effect as one gram of gamma radiation
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sievert
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measure of water clarity
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turbidity
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in water/wastewater, consist of suspended and dissolved solids
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total solids
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due to colloidal and dissolved substances
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true color
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amount of molecular oxygen (O2) dissolved in water, function of temp, salinity, pressure
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dissolved oxygen (DO)
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aerobic bacteria oxidize biodegradable organic compounds in water/wastewater sample to carbon dioxide and water
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biochemical oxygen (BOD)
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measures oxygen equivalent of organic matter using a strong oxidizing agent in acidic environment
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chemical oxygen demand (COD)
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used for indoor/outdoor household purposes
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domestic wastewater
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shows how water is a renewable resource, starts with precipitation, goes to runoff
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hydrologic cycle
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used to cool, dilute, fabricate, transport, and wash
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industrial wastewater
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compounds in surface waters mainly attributed to algae; influences this...
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taste and odor
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aerobic transformation process that uses autotrophic microorganisms to oxidize ammonium into nitrate
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nitrification
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biologically mediated anoxic process that involves reduction of nitrate into nitrogen gas
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denitrification
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MCL
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maximum contaminant level
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TKN, sum of ammonia and organic nitrogen
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total Kjeldahl nitrogen
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element, like nitrogen, linked to eutrophication
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phosphorus
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