Environmental Chemistry Unit 2

Front 1

Definition of acid rain

Back 1

Rain with the pH level that is less than 5.6

Front 2

Effects of high amounts of nitrate ions in water

Back 2

Eutrophication

Front 3

Effects of aluminium ions in water to humans

Back 3

Higher chance of Alzheimer's disease

Front 4

Acid deposition

Back 4

Acidic particles that either fall on or deposit on Earth

Front 5

Which substances causes smog and visibility problems (2)?

Back 5

Sulfate aerosols and sulfuric acid

Front 6

Effects of acid rain on humans (2)

Back 6

Irritation to respiratory system and severe eye irritation

Front 7

Four oxides that cause acid rain

Back 7

Carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, nitrogen dioxide

Front 8

Effects of acid rain on plants

Back 8

Interferes with chlorophyll synthesis

Front 9

The pH in bodies of water which is deadly to life

Back 9

pH of less or equal to 4.0

Front 10

Forming acid deposition with sulfur dioxide

Back 10

Sulfur dioxide is naturally oxidized in the atmosphere and then converted to sulfuric acid in the presence of oxygen.

Front 11

Effect of sulfate aerosol

Back 11

Small sulfate particles become embedded in lungs causing adverse effects on asthmatics, elderly and young.

Front 12

Carbonic acid

Back 12

H2CO3 (weak acid)

Front 13

Effects of acid rain on aquatic life (2)

Back 13

Increased Al3+ affects function of gills, eutrophication results from nitrates

Front 14

When does acute injury of plants take place (2)?

Back 14

Short term exposure, high acid concentration

Front 15

Effect on carbonates

Back 15

Insoluble carbonates are converted to more soluble sulfates

Front 16

Sulfur dioxide in the presence of moisture turns to:

Back 16

Sulfurous acid (H2SO3)

Front 17

Use of lime to counteract the effects

Back 17

CaO and Ca(OH)2 can be added to neutralize excess acidity

Front 18

Conversion of nitrogen dioxide can be accelerated by:

Back 18

Presence of hydroxyl free radical (photochemical smog)

Front 19

Wet deposition

Back 19

Sulfur and nitrogen oxides and acidic particles brought down as precipitation by means of rain, fog and snow

Front 20

Dry deposition

Back 20

Deposition of acidic gases and particles in the absence of of precipitation.

Front 21

Oxides responsible for acidity of rain

Back 21

Nitrogen (NO2) and sulfur (SO2) oxides.

Front 22

Effects of acid deposition on humans (3):

Back 22

Irritation of respiratory tract and eyes, sulfur aerosol particles become embedded in the lungs, increased [Al+3] can lead to Alzheimers

Front 23

Formation from SOx

Back 23

SO2 + moisture = H2SO3 or SO2 +1/2 O2 = SO3

Front 24

Formation from NOx- without O2

Back 24

Without O2- 2NO2 + H2O = HNO2 + HNO3

Front 25

formation from NOx- with O2

Back 25

4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 = 4HNO3

Front 26

Define stone leprosy

Back 26

Damage to structural artists' stone

Front 27

Research shows that acid deposition is associazed with what parts of a country?

Back 27

Where heavy industries are situated and also down-wind from such sites

Front 28

Formation of nitrous acid

Back 28

NO2 + OH -> HNO3

Front 29

pH of pure rain water

Back 29

5.6; due to dissolved carbon dioxide reacting to form carbonic acid

Front 30

Sulfur dioxide in the presence of O2

Back 30

Sulfur trioxide (SO3)

Front 31

What oxides are most resposible for rain acidity?

Back 31

Oxides of sulfur and oxides of nitrogen

Front 32

What do coal pre-combustion methods do?

Back 32

Desulfurising of high sulfur coal OR converting to SNG

Front 33

Acceleration of NOx to create acidic water

Back 33

SO2(g) + H2O(l) -> H2SO3(aq)

Front 34

Effects of acid deposition on aquatic life

Back 34

Low pHs kill the fish and increased [Al+3] affects function of gills

Front 35

Why is pure rain water slightly acidic?

Back 35

Due to dissolved CO2 -> H2CO3 (very weak acid)

Front 36

Ways of speeding up the conversion of nitrogen dioxide gas to nitric acid

Back 36

Presence of other pollutants like the hydroxyl free radical and nitrogen dioxide

Front 37

How is pH measured?

Back 37

Can be measured using pH paper showing colors of various pH values, using a universal indicator or a calibrated pH meter

Front 38

Accelerating process of acid rain

Back 38

Accelerated with the presents of other pollutants *free radicals

Front 39

Eutrophication

Back 39

Excessive richness of nutrients (NO3) in a body of water -> leads to overgrowth of plants and insufficient dissolved oxygen

Front 40

Effects of acid deposition on materials (5)

Back 40

Corrosion of marble, limestone, dolomite, iron, steel; deterioration of electrical equipment; bleaching and weakening of fabrics; discoloration and embrittlement of paper; leach heavy toxic metals into water

Front 41

Equation of sulfur dioxide oxidation in presence of O2, O3 and OH

Back 41

SO2 (g) + 1/2 O2(g) -> SO3 (g)

Front 42

Equation of sulfur oxides in the presence of moisture

Back 42

SO3(g) + H2O(l) --> H2SO4 (aq)

Front 43

Which oxides are mostly responsible for acid deposition?

Back 43

Sulfur and nitrogen oxides

Front 44

Reaction of limestone and sulfuric acid

Back 44

CaCO3 + H2SO4 -> CaSO4 + H2O + CO2