Environmental

Front 1

Adulteration

Back 1

deliberate addition of inferior or cheaper material to a supposedly pure food product in order to stretch out supplies and increase profits

Front 2

Food Contaminants

Back 2

substances accidentally incorporated into foods, such as hair, dirt, feces,

Front 3

Food Additives

Back 3

substances intentionally added to food to modify its taste, color, texture, nutritive value, appearance, resistance to deterioration and so on

Front 4

Examples of Natural Toxins in Food

Back 4

Mushrooms, Jimsonweed, Castor Bean

Front 5

Microbial Contaminiation in food - Bacteria

Back 5

E.Coli, Botulism, Staph, Salmonella

Front 6

Microbial Contaminiation in food - Viruses

Back 6

Hep A, Parasites (tapeworms),

Front 7

Foodborne disease prevention

Back 7

1. Sanitation & hygiene,
2. Maintain necessary environmental conditions
3. Time-Temperature code
**Danger Zone •41 -140°F

Front 8

Delaney Clause

Back 8

–Prohibits the use in food of any ingredient shown to cause cancer in animals or humans
–Additives used before 1954 were considered “safe”
–Pesticides invented after 1978 must be tested

Front 9

Rules / Regulations

Back 9

-1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act: inspection of meat products and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated food products
-1996 Food Quality Protection Act: evaluates and regulates pesticides
-State and Local Food Code: such as sanitation & temp codes

Front 10

Radioactive Materials

Back 10

Those materials that have the potential to emit radioactive particles or energy

Front 11

Radiation

Back 11

actual particles or energy that are being emitted from an atom

Front 12

Radiation three major categories

Back 12

Alpha particles, Beta Particles, Gamma

Front 13

Alpha particles

Back 13

consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons

Front 14

Beta Particles

Back 14

consists of electrons

Front 15

Gamma

Back 15

energy emission of a specific wavelength (not a particle)

Front 16

To measure “radiation”

Back 16

amount emitted (disintegrations per minute, herein after referred to as “dps”) or by the dose absorbed by the organism

Front 17

emissions and dose measures

Back 17

measure the rate of decay or number of disintegrations

Front 18

Different units for emissions and dose measures

Back 18

1) Curies- this equates to 3.7 x 1010 dps
2) Becquerel- equivalent to 1 dps.
**A curie is a very large dose while a Becquerel is much smaller.
3) Half life or T1/2

Front 19

Measure the absorbed dose we would use

Back 19

1) Gray- all forms of alpha, beta, gamma absorbed (non-specific)
2) Rad- (100 rads = 1 gray)
3) Sievert…. where a Sievert = Absorbed dose (in grays) x suspectedbiological effectiveness (SBE). The SBE takes into account the type of radiation (alpha, beta, gamma)
4) Rem...100 REMS (US nomenclature) = 1 Sievert (International nomenclature

Front 20

Radiation Exposure occurs from?

Back 20

- Enhanced Natural Sources
- Human-Generated Sources such as medical applications, nuclear plants, consumer products

Front 21

High-Level vs. Low-Level Radiation Exposure

Back 21

High: 1 Sv(100 rems) or more, delivered within a relatively short period of time
Low: dosage levels below 1 Sv

Front 22

Health Impacts

Back 22

•Radiation-Induced Mutations
•Radiation and Birth Defects
•Radiation-Induced Cancer

Front 23

Ultraviolet Radiation

Back 23

•Wavelengths
•Basal cell carcinoma

Front 24

Composition of the Atmosphere

Back 24

–78% Nitrogen (N2)
–21% Oxygen (O2)
–0.9% Argon (Ar)
–0.03% Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Front 25

Regions of the Atmosphere

Back 25

–Troposphere
–Stratosphere
–Mesosphere
-Thermosphere

Front 26

Troposphere

Back 26

•Sea level to about 8-9 miles above the earth
•Decrease in temperature of 5.4 F per 1000 feet
•Tropopause

Front 27

Stratosphere

Back 27

•Stratopause
•Temperature rise to 32 F
•Ozone layer

Front 28

Mesosphere

Back 28

•Decrease in temperature

Front 29

Radiation in Balance

Back 29

Refer to Chap 11 notes

Front 30

Human Impact on the Earth- atmosphere

Back 30

-Introduction pollutant gases and particles
-Changes in the concentrations of natural atmospheric components

Front 31

Ozone Depletion

Back 31

Presence of Chlorine
around the hole

Front 32

Formation of Ozone

Back 32

-UV rays hit O2 then O + O are formed
- O + O2 then O3 formed
- UV rays hit O3 then O + O2 broken down

Front 33

Greenhouse effect

Back 33

Rising Levels of Atmospheric CO2

Front 34

Other Greenhouse Gases

Back 34

–Methane (CH4)
–Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
–Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
–Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)
–Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)
–Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)

Front 35

Impacts of Global Warming

Back 35

•Diminishing Crop Yields
•Loss of Biodiversity
•Rising Sea Levels
•Human Illness
•Rate of Global Warming

Front 36

Greenhouse Policy Debate

Back 36

–Improving Energy Efficiency
–Replacing Fossil Fuels with “Soft Energy Path”Technologies
–Reversing Forest Loss
–Reducing CFC Emissions and Other Greenhouse Gases
–Taxing the Use of Fossil Fuels

Front 37

Obstacles to Global Warming

Back 37

Global and Cultural traditions

Front 38

Sources of Air Pollution

Back 38

-Natural Origins (fires, dust dorms, volcanos)
-Human-induced Origins (cars, industries)

Front 39

Criteria Air Pollutants

Back 39

-Particulate Matter(dust, pollen, smoke, etc)
-Sulfur dioxide (fuel combustion)
-Carbon monoxide (fuel combustion)
-Nitrogen oxides (fuel combustion)
-Ozone
-Lead

Front 40

Thermal Inversions

Back 40

Layer of warmer air overlays cooler air
**Warm air rises –cooler air sinks, Cool air and pollutants trapped

Front 41

Impact on Human Health

Back 41

- Inhibit or Inactivate Natural Body Defenses
- Cause constriction of the Airways
- Induce Fibrosis and Thickening of Alveolar Walls
- Inhalation of of air pollutants can lead to respiratory problems
-

Front 42

Bronchitis

Back 42

Persistent inflammation of airways in the lung

Front 43

Emphysema

Back 43

Airways become permanently constricted and hardened

Front 44

Pollution Control Efforts

Back 44

- Clean Air Act
- National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
- Emission Standards for Automobiles
-

Front 45

Acid Deposition

Back 45

- precipitation measuring less than 5.0 on the pH scale
- Environmental Effects of Acid Rain

Front 46

Indoor Air Pollution

Back 46

- Smoking most important indoor air pollutant
- Radon Gas
*

Front 47

Sick Building Syndrome

Back 47

–Building related illness (BRI)

Front 48

Hydrologic Cycle

Back 48

1.Evaporation from surface waters and soil
2.Evapotranspiration (evaporation and transpiration in plants)
3.Transport as water vapor
4.Precipitation
5.Runoff

Front 49

Nature of Groundwater

Back 49

–Zone of saturation
–Aquifers
–Zone of aeration
–Porosity

Front 50

Groundwater Pollution

Back 50

Waste Storage, Treatment, or Disposal Facilities

Front 51

Water Management: Increasing Supply Versus Reducing Demand

Back 51

Demand Management:
–Shift from increasing
supply emphasis to
managing demand
emphasis

Front 52

Water Consumption

Back 52

•Agriculture
•Industry
•Households

Front 53

Water Conservation

Back 53

•Rational Water Pricing
–Pricing water to reflect its true cost
•Leak Detection/Correction Programs
•Installation of Water-Saving Plumbing Devices
•Altered Landscape Practices

Front 54

Clean Water Act
–1972
–1977

Back 54

-1972: introduced a permit system for regulating point sources of pollution
-1977

Front 55

Sources of Water Pollution

Back 55

*Point Sources–Pollutants that enter waterways at well defined locations
*Nonpoint sources-Those which run off or seep into waterways from broad areas of land rather than entering the water through a discreet pipe or conduit

Front 56

Municipal Sewage Treatment

Back 56

Primary Treatment– publicly owned treatment works
Secondary Treatment - filters & Activated sludge process
-Tertiary Treatment:

Front 57

Septic Systems

Back 57

Watertight container made of concrete or fiberglass with a minimum capacity of 750 gallons

Front 58

Industrial Discharges

Back 58

•Conventional Pollutants
•Toxic Pollutants
•Nonconventional Pollutants
•Direct vs. Indirect

Front 59

Water Purification Steps

Back 59

-Sedimentation
–Coagulation
–Filtration
–Disinfection

Front 60

Water Pollutants

Back 60

•Microbial waterborne
disease
•Bacteria
•Viruses
•Protozoans