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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many early deaths is UK air pollution responsible for? |
40,000 |
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What is the global estimate for early deaths as a result of air pollution a year? |
3,700,000 |
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What are the main causes of air pollution today? |
Transport, industry and agriculture |
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What are the primary air pollutants in the UK today? |
03 (ozone) NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) PM10 and PM2.5 |
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How big is a micro meter? |
1000th of a millimeter |
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What is the biggest cause of NO2 pollution? |
Diesel vehicles |
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Is ozone a primary pollutant? |
No its a secondary pollutant and is a result of combustion in engines. |
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What is a main health effect of ozone? |
Inflamed lungs |
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What is the width of a human hair? |
Between 50 and 70 microns |
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Where do PM partials larger than 10 microns effect? |
The trachea |
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Where do PM 10 particles effect? |
The brinchioles |
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Where Can PM2. 5 reach? |
The alveoli in the lungs |
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What health issues does exposure to poor air quality make worse? |
Bronchitis, asthma and allergies. |
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Name some main health effects of poor air quality? |
Pulmonary edema (fluid in the airways) bronchitis, physical damage to lungs and PM also carries hazardous substances |
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Who is most at risk from air pollution? |
Very young, elderly, people with existing cardiorespiratory diseases and people exercising in urban areas |
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How many zones in the UK exceeded the limit for nitrogen dioxide in 2015? |
37 out of 43 zones |
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How many zones were exceeded for the national limit on ozone? |
All zones |
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How many monitors are there around England monitoring Air pollution? |
147 |
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What is kaolinite? |
A clay mineral. Formula for extra points?... AL2SIO2O5OH4 |
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What is kaolinite usually referred to? |
Kaolin |
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Who were the first people to use kaolin In the production of porcelain? |
The Chinese |
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Where does the name kaolin come from? |
The Chinese word kauling which means "High Hill" which is were they first mined kaolin near jingdezhen |
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Why was tableware called China? |
Because initially all the English ta le ware was imported from china |
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Where do kaolin deposits exist? |
Around exposed granite sheets |
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What are the three main types of rock? |
Sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous |
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How is kaolin formed? |
When the feldspar mineral in the granite heats up and softens it produced kaolin |
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What other things were mined in the industrial revolution in the southwest? |
Tin, copper and arsenic |
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Who was William cookworthy? |
He founded the Plymouth porcelain factory in 1746. And also founded the first free apothecary (chemist) |
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How long has kaolin been mined in the southwest? |
230 years |
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How long will the commercial reserves of kaolin in the southwest last? |
At least another 100 years |
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What was the initial use of kaolin? |
To produce Hugh quality porcelain |
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What are the uses for kaolin today? |
80% of kaolin is used in paper and 12 %in ceramics the rest are in a wide variety of products including cosmetics |
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What made porcelain so attractive? |
It didn't stain |
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How many tonnes of waste are produced for every tonne of kaolin mined? |
9 tonnes of waste produced |
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Break down the different waste products produced from one tonne of kaolin. |
4 tonnes of stent. 4 tonnes of sand. 1 tonne of mica. |
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Why can't the back fill the mines? |
Because kaolinusation improves with depth of down to 7km |
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When was it a legal requirement to treat mica before being allowed to enter a water source? And how is this achieved? |
In the mid 70s and with the use of mica damns to filter the mica out |
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What happens to thhe sand waste? |
Manufactored into bricks and sold to the construction industry |
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How long have the Lee Moor mines been worked? |
Since the 1840s |
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What happens to the quartz waste? |
It is dumped in heaps that have an astech shape because too much is mined to be able to sell to the construction industry |
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What is a huge negative of quartz soil heaps? |
Low in nutrients so natural colonisation by plants is extremely slow |
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What does the torrey Brook suffer from? |
High levels of mica entering the water system |
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What effects does mica have on the ecology of a river? |
It smothers the benthos and reduces primary productivity. It also irritates the lining of fish gills. |
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What other contaminants are removed from the kaolin to keep it's whiteness? |
Iron oxide |
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What effect has the torrey Brook had on the river plym? |
Due to more than 150 years of discharge into the tidal reach of the river plym it has made the lower parts of the river unnavigable |
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What does it mean by no Co disposal of waste? |
It means all types of waste must be dealt with separately |
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What is stent? |
A mixture of small and large pieces of rock and top soil |
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What is sand? |
Pure quartz |
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How Is drainage dealt with in the tips |
Drainage is legally defined and all tips are surrounded by an interception of drains emptying into a sump |
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What happens with recoloinsation when it comes to stent tips? |
These are easier to recolonise die to containing top soil which has some nutrients although takes a long time. |
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What happens with sand tips? |
No nutrients and water drains off rapidly therefore hard to recolonise without active seeding. |
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What happens with mica when it comes to recoloinsation? |
As its water logged and has no nutrients its the most difficult waste to recolonise. |
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What is a way to help speed up recoloinsation? |
Hydroseeding |
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What is hydroseeding? |
A mixture of mulch water and seeds which is sprayed onto soil heaps. |
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What type of seeds are often used and why? |
Grass seeds because they are fast growing. A sward can establish in 4-6 weeks and they are nitrogen fixers so they cab fix the soil structure. |
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Why aren't there trees on soil heaps? |
Because of the lack of nutrients. Therefore you need tree species that are nitrogen fixers. |
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What tree species are used? |
Salix spp(willow) alnus spp (alder) and the black locust tree (Robinia pseudo acacia) |
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By how much have CO2 levels risen since the industrial revolution? |
40% |
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How many years have the UK had industrial and individual CO2 and CH4 production? |
More than 200 years |
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How much has the Artic ice decreased by? |
40% since 1979 |
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What is the temperature rise predicted to be by 2100? |
Greater than 2 degrees possibly even 4 degrees |
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How much of the anthropogenic CO2 been absorbed by the ocean? |
30% |
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Which were the 15 warmest years on record yet? |
2000 to 2015 |
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What is the global mean temperature? |
14 degrees |
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How much of a difference in global mean temperature is needed to kick start an ice age? |
A drop by 4 degrees |
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What is the goal for global temperature by 2050? |
To keep the global temp rise to 2 degrees |
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What is the goal for use of fossil fuels by 2050? |
Maximum 33% of energy should be by fossil fuels |
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What are some of the extreme climate events that have taken place and why? |
Recent UK floods due to Artic ice loss. It affects the position and speed of the jet stream |
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How much have the economic costs of global warming changed? |
They are 4 times more that the 1980s |
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How much did the UK flood of 2015/16 cost? |
3.6 billion and rising to 5 billion |
