Environment- Paige D

Front 1

Atmosphere

Back 1

the layer of gases that surround Earth

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Biosphere

Back 2

a relatively thin layer of Earth that has conditions suitable for supporting life as we know it

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Hydrosphere

Back 3

all the water on Earth, whether present as liquid, water vapour, or ice

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Lithosphere

Back 4

solid portion of Earth, composed of rocks, minerals, and elements

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Thermosphere

Back 5

furthest atmospheric layer from Earth's surface

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Stratosphere

Back 6

atmospheric layer above the troposphere, from 10 km to 50 km above the earth's surface

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Climate

Back 7

average weather conditions that occur in a region over a long period of time, usually a minimum of 30 years

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Weather

Back 8

conditions of temperature, air pressure, cloud cover, precipitation (rain or snow), and humidity that occur at a particular place at a particular time

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Altitude

Back 9

the distance above Earth's surface, measured from sea level (the surface of the Earth's oceans)

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Troposphere

Back 10

layer of atmospheric gases at 0 km to 10 km from the Earth's surface

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Mesosphere

Back 11

the third atmospheric layer above the Earth's surface

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Inversion

Back 12

a reversal of the normal decrease of air temperature with altitude, or of water temperature with depth. a layer near to the ground of cold air gets trapped under a layer of warm air

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Ozone

Back 13

a molecule made up of three atoms of oxygen

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Ozone Layer

Back 14

a layer in the stratosphere containing high levels of ozone gas

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Climate Change

Back 15

change that occurs in the climate of a region over time, usually a minimum of 30 years

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Adaptation

Back 16

any change in the structure or function of an organism that makes it more suited to its environment

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Scientific Evidence

Back 17

evidence collected in a matter that, as much as possible, ensures it is unbiased and reflects general situations, rather than particular events; is usually collected by trained scientists and checked by other scientists

Front 18

Net Radiation Budget

Back 18

the difference between the amount of incoming radiation and outgoing radiation from the Earth's surface and atmosphere

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Solar Energy Output

Back 19

energy radiated from the sun in the form of electromagnetic waves, including visible and ultraviolet light and infrared radiation

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Terrestrial Energy Output

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Net Radiant Energy

Back 21

the balance between incoming and outgoing energy at the top of the atmosphere

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EMR Spectrum

Back 22

a division of the classes of waves based upon a range of wavelengths

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Greenhouse Gases

Back 23

gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect

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Angle of Inclination

Back 24

the degree by which Earth's poles are tilted from the perpendicular of the plane of its orbit, or 23.5 degrees

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Latitude

Back 25

imaginary lines that run parallel to Earth's equator; the equator has a latitude of 0 degrees, and the poles have a latitude of 90 degrees N and 90 degrees S

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Insolation

Back 26

the amount of solar energy received by a region of Earth's surface

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Albedo

Back 27

percent of incoming solar radiation that a surface reflects

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Angle of Incidence

Back 28

the angle between a ray falling on a surface and the line of the perpendicular to that surface

Front 29

Atmospheric Pressure

Back 29

the pressure exerted by the mass of air above any point on Earth's surface

Front 30

Conduction

Back 30

the transfer of thermal energy by direct contact between the particles of a substance, without moving the particles to a new location

Front 31

Coriolis Effect

Back 31

the deflection of any object from a straight line path, caused by the rotation of Earth

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Current

Back 32

flow from one place to another in one direction

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Jet Stream

Back 33

a band of fast-moving air in the stratosphere

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Convection

Back 34

the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of particles from one location to another

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Radiation

Back 35

emission of energy as particles or waves

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Heat of Fusion

Back 36

the amount of energy absorbed when 1 mol of a substance changes from solid phase to liquid phase, without a change in temperature

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Heat of Vaporization

Back 37

the amount of energy released when 1 mol of a substance changes from vapour phase to gas phase, without a change in temperature

Front 38

Heat of Condensation

Back 38

the amount of energy released when 1 mol of a substance changes from the vapour phase to the liquid phase, without a change in temperature

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Heat of Solidification

Back 39

the amount of energy released when 1 mol of a substance in the liquid phase changes to the solid phase , without a change in temperature

Front 40

Hydrologic Cycle (Water Cycle)

Back 40

the process by which water molecules move from Earth's surface into the atmosphere and then back again

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Phase

Back 41

the state of a substance (solid, liquid, or vapour)

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Quantity of Thermal Energy

Back 42

the amount of thermal energy absorbed or released when the temperature of a substance changes by a certain number of degrees; given by the equation Q = mc△t

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Specific Heat Capacity

Back 43

amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1 degree celsius

Front 44

Tundra

Back 44

coldest biome; ice and snow mainly. Average temperature: -15 to 5 degrees celsius. Average precipitation per year: 20cm. Low insolation and high albedo.

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Rain Forest

Back 45

warmest biome; warm and wet conditions especially rain. Average temperature: 25 to 30 degrees celsius. Average precipitation per year: more than 200cm. High insolation and low albedo.

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Grassland

Back 46

grassyregions with few or no trees due to harsh conditions. richand thick soils due to material given by organisms.Precipitation: 25 -57 cm/year. Average temperature: 4 to 18 degrees celsius

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Deciduous Forest

Back 47

distinguishedby trees that lose their leaves each fall. Bylosing leaves each fall, trees are protected from freezing and need little water during winter season. Precipitation/ year: 75-150 cm. Average temperature: 14 to27 degrees celsius.

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Taiga

Back 48

also called boreal forest, and found south of the tundra between 50° and 60° N. Circumpolar and second in size, to the marine biome.

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Desert

Back 49

receivehigh levels of insolation, and so are quite hot during the day. deserts are quite cold at night because they lackwater and plants, so there is not enough material with heat capacity toretain thermal energy. Precipitations: lessthan 25 cm/year

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Biome

Back 50

a large geographical region with a particular range of temperature and precipitation levels, and the plants and animals that are adapted to those climate conditions

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Closed System

Back 51

any system that exchanges energy with its surroundings but does not exchange matter

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Open System

Back 52

a system that exchanges both matter and energy with its surroundings

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Prairie

Back 53

a subtype of grassland biome found in regions such as North America; prairies have cooler average temperatures than the other subtype of grassland biome, savanna

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Climatograph

Back 54

a summary of the average temperature and precipitation for each month of the year for a given location

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Carbon Sink

Back 55

any process that removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, such as photosynthesis

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Carbon Source

Back 56

any process that releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, such as burning of fossil fuels

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Fossil Fuel

Back 57

carbon-based fuels formed from the remains of living organisms

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Extrapolation

Back 58

the process of estimating the value of a measurement beyond the known values of a set of data

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Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

Back 59

the change in Earth's net radiation budget, caused by the increase in human-generated greenhouse gases