Environment

Front 1

Stabilizing Selection

Back 1

when selective pressures select against 2 extremes of a trait (middle trait is found)

Front 2

Convergent Evolution

Back 2

where organisms that are not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of adapting to similar environments

Front 3

Co-Evolution

Back 3

2 or more species reciprocally affect each others evolution (change in plant affects who eats that plant)

Front 4

Directional Selection

Back 4

when one extreme trait is picked over another as a result of environmental conditions

Front 5

Disruptive Natural Selection

Back 5

extremes of trait are advantageous and average values are selected against (eliminates middle trait)

Front 6

Adaptive Radiation

Back 6

burst of divergences species branch off into several different species due to different adaptations to help species fit into habitat

Front 7

Sexual Selection

Back 7

traits whose sole function help maximize reproductive success (female choice, male competition

Front 8

adaptation

Back 8

mutation or genetic change that helps an organism survive in its environment (always starts as mutation)

Front 9

Mutation

Back 9

changes to genetic material caused by an error in copying of the DNA or exposure to radiation (doesnt result in adaptation)

Front 10

R-selected Species

Back 10

smaller organisms, many offspring, little parental care

Front 11

K-selected Species

Back 11

larger organisms, fewer offspring, more parental care

Front 12

Parthenogenesis (Asexual Reproduction)

Back 12

offspring develops from unfertilized egg

Front 13

Biotic Potential

Back 13

rate at which a species reproduces

Front 14

Arachnid

Back 14

2 body segments, 8 legs, no antennae

Front 15

Chilopoda

Back 15

many body segments, 1 pair of legs/body segment 1 antennae

Front 16

Diplopoda

Back 16

many body segments, 2 pairs of legs per body segment, 1 antennae

Front 17

Crustaceans

Back 17

several body segments, 2 pairs of antennae

Front 18

Hexapoda

Back 18

exoskeleton, 3 body segments, 6 jointed legs, 1 pair of antennae and wings

Front 19

Gauses Principle

Back 19

no 2 different species can occupy the same niche for any significant amount of time. It it occurs, competition drives one species out of the area, competition causes 1 species to become extinct, species stays it must adapt and evolve

Front 20

Evolution

Back 20

change over time in populations genetic makeup through successive generations

Front 21

Broad Spectrum Pesticides

Back 21

pesticides designed to kill wide variety of insects

Front 22

Internal Costs

Back 22

costs that a business bases its prices on (materials, energy, labor, plant, equipment)

Front 23

External Costs

Back 23

costs that arent included in what a business bases its costs on (effects after production)

Front 24

Aquifer

Back 24

underground bed/layer of earth, gravel, porous stone that yields water

Front 25

unconfined Aquifer

Back 25

doe not have confining formations, Water above impermeable layer

Front 26

confined aquifer

Back 26

lies b/w 2 relatively impermeable rock layers (clay prevents easy seepage)

Front 27

Point-source pollution

Back 27

when pollution comes from a single identifiable source (drainage pipe)

Front 28

Non-point source pollution

Back 28

when pollution comes from several sources

Front 29

Eutrophication

Back 29

process of becoming nutrient rich

Front 30

Cultural Eutrophication

Back 30

process of becoming nutrient rich due to human activities (natural = nitrogen and phosphates)

Front 31

Oligotrophic

Back 31

fresh waterbody with low nutrient load

Front 32

Watershed

Back 32

common area of land where all surface and ground water collect/drains into the same place

Front 33

Ecosystem

Back 33

community of living organisms and their associated non-living environments

Front 34

Biotic organisms

Back 34

all life forms

Front 35

Abiotic Environments

Back 35

all non-living parts of environment (air, water, rocks, wind, sun)

Front 36

Integrated Pest Management

Back 36

use of multiple methods to control pest populations, when and where to apply pesticides while producing cost effective product

Front 37

Hypoxia

Back 37

oxygen depletion to a level that cannot support living aquatic organisms

Front 38

Dead Zones

Back 38

hypoxic areas in the world's oceans/lakes caused by excessive nutrient pollution from human activities coupled with other factors that deplete oxygen required to support most marine life

Front 39

Cone of Depression

Back 39

when water is withdrawn from the ground faster than it can be replenished

Front 40

Desalinization

Back 40

removing salt from water;there is plenty of sea water, provides drinkable water to places w/o access to clean water; BUT very expensive, slow, not energy efficient

Front 41

Bioremediation

Back 41

process of using microorganisms/enzymes to return environments that have been altered by contaminants to its original condition

Front 42

Photosynthesis

Back 42

takes in: CO2, water, sunlight energy; releases: oxygen/sugar (glucose) w/ stored energy

Front 43

Global Warming Potential

Back 43

measures ability of heat to be absorbed and trapped by specific gasses in the atmosphere (highest-lowest = CFC, methane, CO2)

Front 44

Albedo Effect

Back 44

reflectivity of a surface; high reflectivity = less chance for light to be absorbed/transformed into heat

Front 45

Source

Back 45

when the elements and molecules being held are released back into the environment

Front 46

Sink

Back 46

reservoir that takes up chemical element or compound from another part of its natural cycle

Front 47

converting fossil fuels to electricity

Back 47

1.convert FF into heat energy

2.convert heat energy->type mechanical energy, using turbine

3.use generator to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy

4.store and transform electricity

Front 48

Conventional Energy

Back 48

traditional energy, FF, non-renewable

Front 49

renewable resource

Back 49

natural resource, replaced/replenished over time

Front 50

non-renewable resource

Back 50

natural resource that cannot be remade at scale comparable to consumption

Front 51

Main Factors driving Weather and Climate

Back 51

temperature, precipitation

Front 52

Secondary factors driving weather and climate

Back 52

albedo effect, latitude/tilt, earth rotation, wind currents, topography,-> rainshadow effect, lake effect, ocean currents, milankovitch Cycle

Front 53

Milankovitch Cycle

Back 53

variations in earth orbit around sun, affecting distribution of solar radiation reaching earth and cause climate change

Front 54

Greenhouse Effect

Back 54

natural process where heat is absorbed by greenhouse gases and redirected to earth

Front 55

Layers of the Atmosphere

Back 55

exosphere

thermosphere

mesosphere

stratosphere

troposphere

Front 56

Globalization

Back 56

international integration arising from increasing exchange of world views-products, ideas, human connectivity

Front 57

sustainable society

Back 57

one that accommodates needs w/o endangering the ability of future generations from doing the same

Front 58

Maximum sustainable yield

Back 58

largest number of organisms that can be removed from a population w/o decreasing the overall population's number

Front 59

myth of inexhaustibility

Back 59

belief that earth's resources cannot run out and will always be there

Front 60

Environmental Science

Back 60

integrated study of how the earth works, the way it is working and coming up w/ solutions to environmental problems

Front 61

Natural Resources

Back 61

"goods" produced by nature that are often priced and physically harvested (timber, coal, fish from the ocean)

Front 62

Ecosystem Services

Back 62

provided to us by natural functioning of the environment; often not associated w/ price; now starting to put prices on services provided by nature (purified air and water, tax breaks for planting trees)

Front 63

Natural Capital

Back 63

natural resources and ecosystem services provided

Front 64

Capitalist Markets

Back 64

drive of competition-->monopolies, global free trade, maximize profits, lobby for gov't subsidies

Front 65

Goals of full cost pricing

Back 65

generate funds to offset external costs, increase consumer awareness, increase environmental awareness, decrease consumption

Front 66

Subsidy

Back 66

sum of money granted by the gov't/public body to assist an industry/business so that the price of a commodity/service may remain low/competitive

Front 67

Planned Obsolescence

Back 67

manufacturing decision to make consumer products in a way that they become out of date/useless within a known period of time; consumer will then after to keep buying new ones

Front 68

Perceived Obsolescence

Back 68

when a customer is convinced they need an updated product, even though the existing works fine

Front 69

Feed Efficiency

Back 69

an animal that produces either greater body mass with the same feed intake or same body mass with less feed intake would be more efficient (fish more efficient than beef)

Front 70

Environmental Economics

Back 70

area of economics studying the economic impact on the environment and environmental policies

Front 71

food defect action levels

Back 71

monitory acceptable levels of food contamination