Enviro Phys Of Animals

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Comparative Physiology

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Investigation of general principles of organisms functions (how they are similar to all other organisms)

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Evolutionary physiology

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understanding the process by which certain ecophysiological features arose.

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Genotypic variation

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Long term evolutionary change

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Abiotic

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physical and chemical factors

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Biotic

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direct and indirect effects of other organisms, including competition and habitat modification

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Magnitude of Fluctuations

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Consider how different the weather above a leaf is compared to the weather below a leaf. Changing environment puts a huge emphasis on tolerance rather than precise adaptations to a particular problem.

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Energy availability

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Stable zones with high resource availability favor adaptive radiation. Change will be slower in lower energy areas.

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Resource polymorphism

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Differences in behavior, life-history strategy, or morphology occur within a single species.

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r-selection
K-selection

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r-selection=unpredictable environments
K-selection=predictable environment
r is rate of population increase
K is carrying capacity of environment.

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r-selected animals

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live in disturbed habitats, small, rapidly reproducing, early maturing, short-lived species that have lots of children and few survive (or even just reproducing once then dying) with wide swings in population size

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K-selected animals

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More common in climax communities, complex coevolved relationships with other organisms, do best with low abiotic stress,

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A-selection

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adversity selection, in extreme habitats where conditions are predictably unfavorable. Occurs when there is high environmental stress but low fluctuation.

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A-selection animals

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High stress resistance, low fecundity, late maturity, long lifespans, very low levels of biotic interaction. (deserts, polar regions, caves, anoxic mud)

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Adaptation

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1) Term for characters or traits observed in animals that are the result of selection.
2) a process, where natural selection adjusts for the frequency of genes that codes for traits affecting fitness.
3) also for short-term compensatory changes in response to environment disturbance.

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Phenotypic plasticity

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pre-existing traits are differentially expressed as appropriate to the conditions
Not correct for the term "adaptation"

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Adaptation and Fitness

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A trait should only be called an adaptation if it's a consequence of selection for the task it performs.

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Phylogenetic inertia

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Traits continued to evolve due to selection and are now present in species but have little to do with current events

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acclimatization

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rapid phenomenon where a physiological or biochemical change occurs within the life of an individual, resulting from exposure to the environment.

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acclimation

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for laboratory experiments

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Phenotypic
Developmental plasticity

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ability for different gene expression based on environment

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developmental heterochrony

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differential sensitivities of tissues manifest as a change in the relative timing of growth and maturation of different parts of the body

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reaction not internal environmentrm

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the profile of phenotypes produced by a particular genotype in different environments

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Natural Selection acts on

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Genotypes: so there can be selection for plasticity as well as for the selection of genes producing discrete phenotypes.

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Homeostasis

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Maintenance of a constan

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Avoiders

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have mechanism for getting away, burrowing, hiding in alcoves, migration, diapause

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Functional Levels - Conformers

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undergo changes of internal states to match external. AKA tolerators, do not attempt to maintain a homeostatic condition for the whole body

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Functional Levels - Regulators

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Maintain some or all of their internal environment.

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Small Animals

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More likely to be avoiders and conformers. Can use microhabitats more effectively, can easily be concealed. May have stronger strategies for dealing (estivation, encystment, cryptobiosis)

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Animals with hardened exoskeletons

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Have more regulation options, greater independence from environments. exoskeleton is usually a good barrier, sometimes has hair or fur to reduce rate of change.

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Large Animals

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more likely to be regulators in all environments, lower surface to volume ratios, less affected by rapid changes.

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Cell ICF

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intracellular fluid that makes up the fluid environment inside the cell

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Cell ECF

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Extracellular fluid, distinct fluid from from blood/hemolymph

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Ligands

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Small molecules that bind onto proteins and alter their conformation, which has an allosteric effect

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Allosterically coupled

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where two ligands bind on close places on a protein where they can still affect the other's binding

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Reversible Phosphorylation

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A phosphate group can affect a change to which it attaches by using it's -2 charge to severely affect the protein's configuration when it attaches to the positively charged amino sidechains

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Protein Kinase

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Adds a phosphate group

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Protein phosphatase

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Removes phosphate groups from enzymes

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GTP-binding proteins

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Active in cascades of cellular protein phosphorylation. Puts in a whole GTP nucleotide within the structure.

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G-Proteins

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Associated with receptors on cell membranes