Enviro Geology 2

Front 1

efforts to stabilize beaches

Back 1

hard stabilization, soft stabilization, managed retreat

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hard stabilization

Back 2

engineering structures to protect a shoreline from waves

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soft stabilization

Back 3

adding sand to a beach (beach nourishment)

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managed retreat

Back 4

living with beach erosion with perhaps mix of hard + soft

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hard: seawalls

Back 5

structures made parallel to coastline to help retard erosion
cause narrowing of beach and reduction in biodiversity.

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hard: groins

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linear structures perpendicular to shore.
deposition updrift of groin and widening of beach

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hard: breakwaters

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designed to intercept waves and provide protected ares (harbor) for boats, blocks natural littoral transport of sediment, erosion problems in downdrift

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hard: jetties

Back 8

often made in pairs at mouth of river/inlet, designed to stabilize channel, prevent deposition of sediment in channel, protect it from large waves

Front 9

soft: beach nourishment

Back 9

adjunct/alternative to engineering structures (hard),
aesthetically preferable, provides recreation beach with protection from erosion

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barrier islands

Back 10

characteristic of Atlantic Coast

Front 11

tropical cyclones

Back 11

huricanes(atlantic) and typhoons (pacific). huge, complex series of thunderstorms that rotate around area of low pressure, forming over warm, topical ocean water

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hurricanes: storm surge

Back 12

most dangerous. a local rise in sea level that results when hurricane winds push water towards coast.

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perception of coastal erosion as natural hazard

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based on individuals past experience, proximity to coastline, probability of suffering property damage

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adjustments to coastal erosion

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beach nourishment to imitate natural processes (soft), shoreline stabilization thru structures (hard), land-use change

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coastal erosion is natural process rather than hazard

Back 15

erosion problems occur when building on coastline

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any shoreline construction causes change

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adverse consequences

Front 17

11: asteroids

Back 17

rock, mettalic, or rocky-metsl mix.
found in asteroid belt and move around and collide

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meteroids

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asteroids that have broken into smaller particles

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meteor

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meteoroid thant enters E atmosphere

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comets

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have orbits that sometimes intersect E orbit.

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meteorite

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object that strikes E

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mass extinction

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sudden loss of large numbers of plants and animals relative to number of new species being added.

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K-T boundary

Back 23

best documented impact 65 mya likely producing mass extinction, including dinos

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12:water resources
global water cycle

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hydrologic cycle. involves movement of water from one of Es storage components to another.

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water cycle major processes

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evaporation, precipitation, transpiration, surface runoff, subsurface groundwater flow

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drainage basin

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watershed. an area of land that contributes water to particular stream or river.

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drainage net

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set of channels that make up basin

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geologic factors affecting surface-water runoff

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rock+soil type, mineralogy, degree of weathering, structural chracs of soil and rock

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topographic factors

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relief and slope- velocity of runoff

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vadose zone

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one major zone of groundwater. includes material above water table (boundary with soil, alluvium, rock). rarely saturated

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zone of saturation

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true groundwater flow occurs

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aquifer

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e material capable of supplying groundwater at useful rate from a well.

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confining layer

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restricts movement of groundwater

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perched aquifer

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local zone of sat above water table

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artesian conditions

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under pressure

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hydraluic gradient

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gradient of water table

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darcy's law

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rate of flow of groundwater is directly proportional to product of hydraulic gradient and the hydraulic conductivity

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Karst

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~25% underlain by limestone

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sinkholes

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land sursface area dotted by these pits produced by chem wathering.

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desalination of seawater

Back 40

plants greatly reduce salt content so water is potable (drinkable)

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offstream use

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water that is removed or diverted form its source

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offstream: consumptive use

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type of offstream use= water doesnt return to stream resource immmediately after use