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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 main components to the Oil and Gas Industry |
Upstream Sector Midstream Sector Downstream Sector |
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What does the Upstream Sector intale? |
- Exploration - Production - Processing - Transportation - Disposal of oil, gas and by-products |
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What does Midstream Sector Intale? |
- pipeline systems - storage facilities |
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What does downstream sector intale? |
refineries, service stations, etc. |
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What five things do you need to create an oil deposit? |
1. Organic Material 2. Time (lots) 3.Reservoir Rock 4. A Seal 5. A trap |
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What does Reservoir Rock need? |
Porosity and Permeability |
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What is a seal? |
an impermeable rock that overlies a reservoir rock |
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What is a trap? |
a geological feature that concentrates petroleum |
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Where does petroleum come from? |
Yesterdays organics - lithology |
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What are the 4 systems of a rig? |
- Rotary System - Hoisting System - Circulating System - Power System |
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What types of rocks do we find in oil and gas? |
Sedimentary Rock |
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What are the most important characteristics of reservoir rock? |
Porosity and Permeability |
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Where was oil first discovered in Canada? |
Ontario |
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Where was gas first discovered in Canada? |
Muncton NB |
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What are some methods to reduce the enviornment impact on drilling operations? |
Drilling waste disposal, water management, timber salvage, reclamation |
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What is meant by a single, double or triple rig? |
the number of pipes before making a connection |
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What is the difference between Freehold and Crown minerals? |
Freehold owned by individuals, crown owned by the government |
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What is the purpose of drilling mud? |
- Protects drill pipe - Pressurizes the hole - lubricates the bit - cools the bit - suspends cutting - provides filter cake |
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What doe sthe Power System of drilling a rig consits of? |
large diesel engines, provides main source of power to either electrical generators, or mecahnical transmission system |
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What does the Hoisting system consits of? |
- Draw works and drum - spooling drilling line - travelling block and crown block - derrick |
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What is the rotating system? |
Anything on the rig that spins the drill |
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What is the Circulating System? |
Pumps the drilling mud under pressure down the hole through the drill pipes |
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What does drilling mud contain? |
misture of water, clay, weighting material, and chemicals, used to lift rock cuttings from the drill bit to the surface |
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What are some reasons for directional drilling? |
- topographical - cost savings vs offshore rig - horizontal drilling - SAGD (Steam assisted gravity driven) - River Crossing (pipleline) |
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What are some enviornmental surface impacts from drilling |
- erosion - mixing of soil horizons and loss of topsoil - surface water contamination - Animal habitat - Migration routes - garbage - noise - flaring (odours) |
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What are some examples of spills |
- Hyrdocarbons - chemicals - waste streams - salt water - drilling waste - lubricants |
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What are hydorcarbons comprised of? |
Hydrogen and carbon atoms |
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What branch of Chemistry to Hydrocarbons fall under? |
Organic chemistry |
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What are we discussing when we discuss petrolems products? |
Hyrdocarbons |
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All organic substances are composed of what? |
Carbon |
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Inorganic compunds are not carbon based and did not derive from living matter (True or False)? |
True |
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What to compounds that contain carbon form? |
Stable, covalent bonds with eachother |
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Hydrcarbons are classified into what 4 different groups? |
- Alkenes - Alkanes - Alkynes - Aromatics |
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What are properties of Organic Chemistry? |
- low melting points - low boiling pts - low solubility in water - highly flammable - nonconductive - covalent binds (share electrons) |
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What are properties of inorganic chemistry? |
- High melting points - high boiling pts - soluble in water - Nonfalmmable - Conductive - Ionic bonds (donate electrons) |
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What are an Alkanes key features? |
- Saturated (every carbon has 4 bonds) - Contains only single bonds - Typical Hydrocarbon - atoms joined by single bonds only |
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Alkanes are also found in ring form called? |
Cyclo-Alkanes |
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What are names of Alkanes? |
Propane, Ethane, Methane |
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What are features of Alkenenes? |
At least one carbon - carbon double bond |
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What are features of Alkynes? |
At least one carbon- carbon triple bond |
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Aromatic Compounds |
unsaturated ring molecules, contains alternating pattern double and single bonds in a ring form |
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Name an Aromatic Compound |
Benzene |
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How is petroleum formed? |
from slow decomposition of buried marine life, primarily plankton and algae |
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What is the name given to the gas that is produced with oil? |
Natural Gas |
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What are the 5 typical contaminants from the O&G industry? |
1. Petroleum and fuel residues 2. Volatiles and semi-volatiles (BTEX) 3. Metals (lead, mercury, copper, sulphur) 4. Salts (NaCL, KCI) 5. Acids/bases |
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What does BTEX stand for? |
Benzene, Toluene, ethylbenzene, Xylenes |
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What is the main source of BTEX Contamination? |
leakage of gasoline from faulty and poorly maintained underground storage tanks |
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Name some other sources of BTEX Contamination |
released from large bulk facilities, surface spills and pipeline leaks |
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What happens to BTEX once released into the enviornment? |
BTEX can volatize (evaporate), dissolve, attach to soil particles or degrade biologically |
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How can exposure to BTEX occur? |
Inhalation, absorption, consumptions |
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What does Inhalation of BTEX cause? |
respiratory ailments |
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What does Absorption of BTEX cause? |
skin/sensory irritation
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What does consumption of BTEX cause? |
depression of central nervous system |
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What does prolonged exposure to BTEX cause? |
can lead to cancers |
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How does metal contamination exist in soil? |
spills or direct contact with contaminated waste streams, such as airborne emmissions, process solid wastes, sludges or leachate from waste materials |
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Metals are Biomagnified (True or False) |
True |
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What is Biomagnification? |
level of contamination increases further up the food chain |
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What does Leachate mean? |
drains or leaches into the ground |
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What is the most common source of salt contamination? |
Water spills and leaking pipeline |
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What do salt contaminations cause? |
Chloride and Sodium toxicity in plants/inhibits water uptake |
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What does sale contamination cause in soils? |
Inhibits water movement, decreases porosity and permeability |
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What are some impacts of Acids and Bases? |
- Change the Ph of soil or groundwater - kills microbes, inhibits plant growth - increases chemical weathering - Changes surface water ph, ecosystem changes |
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What is a pesticide? |
Any substance intended for preventing, destroying, repelling and mitigating any pest |
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What are two principle mechanisms of pesticides? |
Bioconcentrated and Biomagnified |
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What is pesticides used for in oil fields? |
Control weeds, control microbiological growth, control site pests |
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What can exposure to pesticides lead to? |
Cancers of the reproductive system, failure and suppression of immune system |
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What is Bioconcentrated |
Movement of chemical from medium into organisms, accumulates in tissues |
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What are the 5 layers of the atmosphere? |
Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere |
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How far outward does the atmosphere extend |
1,000 kms |
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What is the troposhere almost entirely made up of? |
Oxygen and nitorgen |
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Which layer of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer? |
Stratosphere |
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What is Dispersion? |
Air pollution being carries by the wind in vast distances |
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What air primary particles of air pollutants? |
- Pollen, Dust, Fly ash, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons |
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What are secondary particles of air pollution, which is formed from gas reactions? |
Smog particles, sulfuric acid droplets, salts |
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What are the 8 classes of air pollutants? |
- Oxides of Carbon - Sulfur Oxides - Nitrogen Oxides - Volatile organic comounds (VOC) Suspended particular matter - photchemical smog - ozone |
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What are oxides of carbon? |
combination of carbon and oxygen atoms and include carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide |
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How is carbon dioxide produced? |
by the complete combustion of fossil fuels |
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What is a major component of photochemical smog |
Nitrogen dioxide |
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How is Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) formed? |
when nitric oxied reacts with oxygen and creates reddish brown pugent gas |
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What do Volatile Organic Compunds (VOC) include? |
Hydrocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons |
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What are VOC's released? |
from vehicles and evaporation of gasoline |
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What is Particulate Matter (PM)? |
very small carbon particles |
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How is PM produced? |
- incomplete fuel combustion - Incineration of plants - factories - Diesel vehicles - fields - dirt roads, etc |
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What is Photochemical Smog? |
A secondary pollutant, that is a brown coloration that obscures the sky with a yellow haze that lowers the visibility and is made up of harmful chemicals |
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What is Ozone? |
gas composed of three oxygen atoms |
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Where is ozone usually found? |
Stratosphere |
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What is good ozone? |
10-30 miles above the earths surface and protects from suns rays |
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What is bad ozone? |
Ground level, and harmful to the respiratory system |
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How is good ozone formed? |
from a reaction of molecular oxygen with oxygen atoms produces in the upper atmosphere by photodissociation |
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What layer of the atmosphere is closes to the surface of the earth? |
Trophosphere |
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What is the definition of Soil? |
solid earth material that has been altered by physical, chemical and organic processes so that it can suport rooted plant life |
