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202 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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L2: CLimate Change: Implications of Climate Change
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What are sources for info on the mtter?
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Intergovernmental Panel on climate change:
-established United Nations Enviro Programme (UNEP) , world Meteorological Org (WMO)- scientific state c.c. and enviro/ socio ec impacts. |
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what mistake did IPCC make?
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-Glacier gate: Himilayan glaciers recede fastest in world: and highly likely to disappeear by 2035 * wrong didnt peer review)
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What is radiative forcing?
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Cloud albedo- hard model clouds
-Temperature: increased 0.74 degrees last 100 years -Glacial t interglacial 4 degree change temp (sea ice retreat/glaciers) Icecores temp variability |
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What are the trends for hemisphere/global temperature?
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-Global/ hemisphere increasing temperatures
-Northern - 2x ish southern land) |
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What are some complexities with measuring global temp- unexpectd variations?
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-Europe cooler 2010: Narmal winter Arctic atmospheric pattern broke down- weak polar vortex 0 cold arctc air - sth, =warm Arctic , cold continent pattern
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What is the annual N.Z. temperature and trend?
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-Use thermometers : lonear trend: stat significant. Variability in weather patterns. Challenged proe correct-robust.
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What are C.C. forms?
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-dashed -trends
Solid= cycles Jagged (random events0_climate variability |
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What are some models for Climate change?
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- Good quantitative estimates future climate change0 contintntal scales etc
-Temp variation- confident , less with precipitation( confidence variables different) -Models understand all aspects: moisture, soil, vege, % alnd etc. GENERAL CIRCULATION MODELS: Composition -reproduce past and present - project future- see change in model: change in variable -Models: Natural vs natural and anthropogenic more significant increase in future- warming related- fingerprint)- each area of world. |
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Projection of future temp?
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-Different models- variability ( diff clouds etc0
-Project 1.8 to 4 degrees increase by 2100 -Sea rise: 20-60cm (ice sheeets- high latitude) -Variability: errors measure land and space (pulses) - altitude tide guage |
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What are the regional sea level trnds - satellite altimetry?
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- Spatial variability: sea level change- thermal expansion- ocean warming difference.
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What regions are vulnerable to coastal flooding caused- sea leve rise?
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-Africa ( lack strategies to help), SE Asian, indian Ocean- small is, Pacific is, Carribean
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What is the uncertainty of ice contribution from Greenland and Antartica?
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-Linked ice sheets increase: Greeland increase 7m- largest fresha H20 Nthern Hemisphere
- Summer increase melt on edges: more new result outlet glaciers increase speed (lubricated)- increased discharge of ice -Similar to Antarctica |
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Explain the 2 periods of sea level increase:
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1993- 2007, 03 to 2007: Patchy difference communities measured different times
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WHat are the sea level rise contributors?
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1) Glaciers and ice caps largest: 50-60%-35cm maximum
2) Thermal expansion: < 20% 3) Greenland and Antarctica (Ice sheets)- 7m (Greendalnd) and 57m-30% # increase over tiem Overall: Glaciers, ice caps near future ad then ice sheets long time (>2100) |
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What are the implications fo C.C.?
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-Increase record hot weather (change in mean state), less cold- mroe extreme weather events
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What is occurring in the New Zelaand context?
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-Warming century-close global mean
-Warming south island less than globally -Increase mean wind speed- Sth iS winter -More rain SW to NE 0 Foehn effect -Snow decrease snowline rise -Decrease ice volume *glacier retreat) -Sea increase 50cm before 2100. |
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Who are the national bodies who oversee C.C. issues?
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-Ministry for the enviro * Govt. Agency)
-Crown Research Institues -N.Z. tertiary institutions -Local and regional councils. |
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L1: NEW MODULE: INKA KOCH: Envi 111:
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Describe water as a molecule?
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-2 H covalently bondednand 1 o (Share electrons)
-Polar: ) higher electronegativity than H- electrons move closer -Large intermolecular (H) bonds and molecules strong attractive- High surface tension (stronger H bond surface) -High caipllary forces: trees |
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Why is water blue?
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-Large H20 thickness, weak asorption red spectrum, increased Rayleigh scattering
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What are the 3 states water:?
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a) Liquid, b) Vaporu, c) Solid: exist earth suns positioninf
-Depend on pressure and temp. |
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Describe H20 liquid?
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-30% fresh H20 liquid
-Life depends H20- metabolism (form proteins, a.a.) -Photosynthesis -Universal solvent acid/base) |
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H20 solid?
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-Snow, hail, ice <0 degrees (norm pressure)
-Ice crystal - order molecule structure -70% H20 stored snow/ice -Less dense H20 floats |
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H20 vapour?
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- Gas phase, from liquid (evap) and solid ice (sublimation)
-Latent heat evaporation H20 0Invisible, cndeses-ppt -Air, saturation/ cool, H20 condensates: dew pt- ppt -Warmer- increse H20 vapour -Greenhouse gas (ffedback |
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What is vapur in atmosphere?
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-High specific heat cpacity
-Important role: earhths climate (rain etc) and climate buffering- moderating -Energy transfers earth (main equator heat to poles), maily occur at equator. |
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Worlds energy transfer-descrbie?
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- Surplus low altitude (equator) , defict at poles
-Energy transport to poles-via oceana and atmosphere. -H20 vapour role energy tranport eg: Hadley cell, ferrel cell (north Hemisphere) , polar cell Hadley: H20 covnverges, warm air rises, cells diverge |
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H20 is essential to?
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-Life on eartg, climate, shape of eartg- erode.
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Descirbe the hydro cycle?
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-H20 storage: distribution on earth
-Rise to transport , ppt, runoff, infiltrate, aquifers surface H20 -H20 transfers: volumes and %, distribution of ppt, reservoir residence time. |
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What is distribution of H20 on earth?
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-Sea H20: 97.5%
Fresh: 2.5% (0.4% lakes, 30.8% ground, 68.9% glaciers/perm snow/ polar ice sheet/ glaciers) 91% Antarctic ice sheet, 8% Greenland, Mtn glacier -1% (for polar ice sheets) All hard to access but mountain glaciers |
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Fresh H20?
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Glaciers: 69%, ground H20=30%, permafrost-086%, lakes=0.26%, biosphere=0.003%
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Descirbe hydro cycle?
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Evaporation: ppt given out
-Only 22% total ppt occurs earth, rest oceans -Most ppt occurs equator- generally less move towards poles (very little here) |
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Fresh H20 in rivers?
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-Onlr 0.006% fresh H20 in rivers why important?
It is easy access, and small residence time (1 wk) - renews quickle. Ie couldnt live Antarctica: Ice cap, glaciers permafrost (1000 to 10 000 yrs residence- consumer faster than resotred) Antarctica: low ppt rate: polar desert, gorund H20- deep 10 000 yrs. |
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What is future hold?
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-Increase droughts (surface H20 evap)
-Increase extreme rain events: surface H20 flushed system fast-bad replenish aquifers- lack permeate and saturated- sur |
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L2: Water
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What are the 4 sources of fresh H20?
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1) Surface
2) Ground H20 3) Rainfall collection 4) Desalinization |
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What are the different forms of surface h20?
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1) Rivers: Time-flows, demand and extraction
2) Snow/ice: time to melt 3) Aqueduct: old travel of H20- irrigate 2,300,000ha. All American canal diverts H20 river onl in Imerial Valley. 4) Lakes: Natural sotre 5) impoundment: store-regulate supply wHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF DAMS? -dISTURB COMMUNITIES -845000 DAMS, 5000 MEGADAMS hOOVER (cOLORADO), bENMORE- n.z. /cLYDE. dOESNT REACH SEA (IRRIGATION, DRINK ETC) |
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Explain ground H20?
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-90% liquid fresh H20- gournd H20, held in aquifers- ground: Unconfined- porous sediment, confined: Impermeablerock (artesian well)
Extracted from wells: long term storage: renewed by rain/ river in time. Problem: Overextract/ sensitive to pollution: Canterbury: eg: Saudi Arabia -4/5 (last decades) aquifer mind- irrigation |
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Rain h20 ollection?
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Roof, hard surface in an urban area.
-Increase growth: Reticulation (rural) , supplement systems (Aussie) Problem: Pollution-treat/filter. eg: Used Bangladesh (holding pools), India ( require new buildings 12 stats-rooftops) |
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Describe desalinization?
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-Remove salt/ minerals -mainly sea H20- fresh.
-16000 plants, 15% increase ( since 1950's) -Expensive- -Powered by fossil fuels/nuclear eg: Middle East/ North Africa ( and Asia/ Europe) > 50% worlds home (Saudi : largest 2013: 1 000 000m^3 desalinated H20=$US6.1 billion) |
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What has occurred in way of H20 scarcity?
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-Since 1950: H20 same, use 3x
-Main areas with renewable H20, around equator and areas- glaciers/ ice/ Amazon (South America), and ppt greatest at equator. |
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What is the uses for fresh H20?
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-World: mainly ag, house, H20 supply, electiricy/ gas.
N.Z. -77% ag (irrigation), manufacutring (11%), Greenland; mainly domestic use H20: Ag: N.Z. high, Africa v high and Sth Asia, low-top Europ/ Russia H20 for industry: N.Z. v low, Aussy/ Russia/ Canada high- Europe. H20 domestic: Greenland high, Africa just below equator, N.Z. - low Aussy. |
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Use of H20 per day for people?
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> 250 L /day/ person ( includes coffee-140L and laptop 20 000L).
-Ag products: highest H20 users- steak: 15500L/kg, 325L - vege/fruit. Water trade footprint: -China to U.S. major: China more withdrawal than footprint, U.S. vice versa (lots import) |
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Climate change and H20 challenges?
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- Water produced in well
- Natural ground H20 recharge -Over extract: run out -Saudi did this 1990's extract fossil H20. |
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What are the causes of water scarcity?
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-2 billion confronted with water scarcity, worse with C.C.- determine future global stability.
-Change in alnd use/ urban deforst: change in infiltration/ surface storage. -Overextract- ground H20, decrease ground H20 and salinization lower H20 table -Flood manage/dam Channel flow and store |
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Fresh H20 availability?
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-Most populated countries not- most fresh H20: Brazil, Russia, Canada: most renewable
-Africa: Main with problem access to fresh H20: Aussy/ Russia/ North America- good. |
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What is unsustainable use of H20- give example?
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Aral Sea: Unsustaianble river diverging- irrigation crops in desert ( Aral Sea)- 90% dry.
River divert- (>90% in 60's)- feed rivers, irrigate cotton desert-12% sealed in canals high evap 2007: 10% original size Salinity increase: 10- 100 : fishery collapse -Enviro/eco disaster: Unemploy, aquatic ecosystems destroyed 2) Diversion of the Colorado river? H20- no H20 reaches the sea now- supports 30 million people 3) Overextracted ground water in Beijing , China: Ground H20: decrease level/ subside ground. 20 million: 3.6 million^3 H20 use (> sustained)- springs use deforest- decreased yield -Springs ground H20- 66% tap H20= 20m lower rest of rivers -Try to route h20 through China to Beijing, maybe: salinization. 4) Salinization H20 aquifers: Close to coast- overextract: Bangladesh- 80% irrigate, 98% drink H20 (ground H20), 3m/yr ground water lower table H20. Surface water: more extreme events in future: 1) Droughts, 2) Increase extreme rainfall eg: Drought N.Z. 2013 ( worst 40 yrs, Wellington Crisis, fire ban Nth Is) Salt H20 inundation ( intrude aquifers in Bangladesh): IPCC sea level increase (0.3m by 2050) , 1m by 2100 15% Bangladesh below sea level, 20 000 000- enviro refugees. |
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What are some solutions to water problems?
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-Ag/industry: Increase efficieny: drip irrigate, crops-less H20, charge $ for H20 intesive businesses.
-Domestic: Increase efficinecy: 2 supplies * rain H20 and recycle grey H20 for toilets) a) ard management: Dams, channels, rain H20 collect, desalinization, recharge schemes depleted aquifers 2) Soft management: H20 conserve ,resore -Integrated drain basin management 4R's: Reduce, respect, reuse, renew. |
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L3: Worlds freshwater bodies-politics:
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What is the H20 conflict at present?
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-Fundamental need, lacks an even distribution
-Privatisation-dry up=gold - Factors that influence supply: Physical: -Surface, ground H20, desalinizatiion Human: Demand, manage/mismanage -H20 gap: Supply<demand -Transboundary (local, regional, national): confict downstream to do with upstream use |
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Why is conflict widespread?
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-Local/international
-Use> recharge-degradation: -Land/ ecosystem (Aral Sea) -Vulnerable populations at risk -Future0 doubt (unsustainabe use): C.C. complexity -Management: Requires co-op of all -Change in H20 used/valued |
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Why are demands rising for H20?
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-Population growth, consumer demand, industrial growth, ag demand
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What are the different users conflict demands?
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-International conflicts- casin crodd national boundaries
0Internal: within country conflict -Conservation vs. exploit. |
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Why is supply decreasing of fresh H20?
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-H20 use: irrigation. pollution upstream
-Deteoriating quality -Impact C.C. |
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What does the future hold- stress/ scarcity increase b/c:
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1) C.C.: increase areas arid, rain unreliable *flooding)
2) Glacial source decrease (ocean) 3) unsustaianble use: decreased quality and quantity 4) demand increase: population/eco growth 5) H20 wars: win/loss H20 supply |
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What is the water-energy nexus?
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-Independent
-B/w 1-18% electrical energy- urban= treat / transport H20/waste -Energy- heat household/ treat H20/ hydropower depends H20 H20 and energy are vital to modern civilization, tensions b/w the 2: H20 restrictions- hampering slns- generate more energy Energy problems: increased prices, decreased efforts supply more clean H20. Dilemma: Semi arid/ arid stats: sell cheap oil/ keep run desalianization plants? |
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Talk about the case study of the Anthabasca tar sands?
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Growing in time:
- Oil sands- semi solid crude oil, silica sand , clay and H20 - Largest reservoir crude bitumen world- 11.7 trilion barrels -Oil under 141000 km ^2- bored forest peat bogs -Hot H20 extraction, open cast mines: eneergy excavate/ heat H20 (gas) -Move U.S. refine gas- run out -Produce 1m^3 synthetic crude oil- 2 to 4 m^3 H20 -349 million m^3. yr H20, increase 50% plan -Pollution: by-product- Arsenic, lead etc0 rivers area (90% not returned to river), toxic birds/ fish- ponds Ground H20: Impacts- drill into ground0 extract: use ground H20, saline- disturb and contaminated. |
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What is transboundary H20?
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-263 watersheds cross 2+ countries, 1/2 Earths land surface-40% globe.
-Main: Aral Sea, Colorado River, Middle East, Nile -Many areas demonstrate effective mnagement- diffeuse situation- sustaianble Mekong River Committee and Nile River initiaitaive |
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What are some water conflicts transboundary?
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1) Israelis, Syrians, Jordanians, and Lebanese: decrease H20: added Arab -Israeli war 1967. 3 large aquifers: Israeli mountains, coast and River of jordan.
2) Turkey to Syria/ Iraq: damming Tigris and Euphrates river. |
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Talk about the hydropolitics of Nile River Basin?
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Nile is longest river (10 countries), 360 million, manily used by Sudan and Egypt: transform desert, Ethiopia- struggle to survive
Effective co-op: 1999: Nile Basin Inititiatvie- co-op management. All countries work with world bank Rules/ law sustaianble use:2004: Berline rules- H20 resources. 1997: Convention on law- navigational uses: international H20 courses. |
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World H20 day?
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Proposed 1992: UN Rio conference on enviro and devt.: raise awareness of problems ( demand devt), i.d. issues, devt goals
Reverse loss enviro resource and try increase access to people. |
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Water privatiisation: what is it and pros/cons?
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Pros: Increased efficiency/ service quality H20. Increase investment- expand access Columbia, Morocco.
Negative: Tarrif increase, public to private good ( not human righr)- London, paris, decrease quality -Fight against Euorpean commission: a right to have H20. -Local govt. pays H20: cook, drink, hygiene. More for ag/ pool etc- pay for infrastructure. |
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N.Z. H20 privatisation?
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-Maori may have rights to H20
-Meridian, Mighty river Power and Genesis Energy: commercial approach to H20- manage- impact access, avaialability and affordability. RMA- 1991: Promotes sustaianble management- natural and hysical resources: land, air H20 0Integrated enviro management framework ( sustaianbility) -Shouldnt become eco devt act: changed RMA states: Do not provide ownership to H20 (maybe want to change) -Councils currently have power- dish out H20 |
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What are some suggested chages to the Rma?
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-Sections 6 and 7
-efficient use and devt of natural and phsical resource/ finite characteristics Opposition: Remove proctect, maintain preserve and enhance- lead degradation highly value enviro assets -Eliminate reference to trout habitats/ Salmon, degradation NZ.s fresh H20 bodies. |
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past positves:
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Waiau River: Waiau fisheries and Wildlife Habitat enhancement trust 1996:
-$5 million to tutnr to wetlands- filter H20 and help fisheries/ wildlife for Meridian Energy Ltd dammed Manapouri |
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Solutions to Management?
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-Sustaianble (help future generations/other pops)- blaance ecological/ human needs
Obstacles: C.C., natural variability H20, pressures on humans (rapid growth- H20 consuming society), increase H20 demands, inefficiencies use, poor exist quality supply $, approach to tech access. |
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What does the future entail?
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The usual: Consumption increase, decrease stores, $ increase for H20 product.
H20 crisis: Demand > supply, prop world pop without H20 increases, food insecurity /migration increases, conflict increase. Sustaianble H20: Charge cost H20 (> basic need). Developed countries use < developing, worlds gap/ capita close, green H20 increase (ecosystem restore), improve H20 harvest/ farm techniques- food yield increase and consumption decrease. -C.C., population trends, energy security, superpower politics, bridge devt gap. Policies: Research, info, monitor aquifers- devleoping countries. Increase partnerships/ community involvement, accountability. -People taking $ for self- result loss long term H20 for all. |
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L1 : Population growth and environment:
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Talk about pop growth due to industrial revolution?
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-Sine: population growth and resource exploitation- high rate: lots ag, manufacturing of; machines, food, medicines- increased population.
Leads to: 1) Overpopulation 2)Overexploit resources and associated species: extinct/ collapse fragile eco-systems= need materials rainforests Food: Produce self to mass production. Meal x 400 -Mdical increased living standards |
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What did French revolution do?
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-Inroduce democracy and equality, politcal freedom people move to cities.
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Give some stats on human population growth?
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Population : 1500 < 1 billion, after 1700s > 1 billion
-Follow industrial / medicianl advances- 18th century- increase life, child mortality, enhance life. -Current: x2 (41 years), Kenya x2 (18 years), Italy -Decline. -TIme for world increase by 1 billion decrease (12 yrs-2011). |
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What are the differences between north and south?
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South developing countries, north developed: less growth. South less $$, rapid increase.
North: more $- less rapid increase. |
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Give examples of population pyramids?
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Classi shape ( biggest in middle): baby boom, fewer children in time.
Pyramid shape; North- Finland /Uganda N.Z. is a diamond: 30-40 yrs is largest, lack young, lots old. Age increase, life expect increase, old peoples homes must therefore increase majorly. Population pyramids: Reflect demographic differences between and within populations: -Gender idfference, age cohorts, change in stages, compare countries, 1800's: Population youthful base, narrow as get older. |
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Differences in quality of life between north and south in each of following respects?
-HIV -Growth rate -Fertility -Life expectancy -Walth per person (GNI) -Human devt index (HDI) |
Nrth:
-HIV=0.5% (lower) -Growth rate (0.1% lower) -Fertility =1.6 (lower) -Life expectancy= 72 males, 80 females (higher) -Walth per person (GNI)= $23 690 (higher) -Human devt index (HDI)= 0.892 (Iceland=0.968) South: -HIV= 1.4% -Growth rate =1.5 - 2% -Fertility= 3.1% -Life expectancy = 63m, 67f (measure of medicine) -Walth per person (GNI)= $3850 -Human devt index (HDI)= 0.694 |
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L2: Human pop and Enviro:
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What are some enviro consequences of a rise in population numbers?
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1) Desertification/ degradation: Africa- population and stock increase= enviro collapse/ advance of desert (DEBATED)
2) Mono culture in ag: Weaken soils 3) Crops grown-stock: Not humans-loss forest (incrreased) 4) loss of wetlands: 20% ecologically critical areas: filter H20 when infrastructure cant. 5) H20 poverty: Cities exhausted accessible supplies- hydro politics- conflict : Jordan, Nile. 6) Limits to oil resources (Peak oil): -Increased cant: sustaianed as new discovery rate decreasing, max oil reached. 7) Global food shortages: Swith to bio fuels ( feed 350 million) 8) Food price increase: 2010: wheat x2 9) Increase standards: China: 20 to 50 kg since 1985, 80% increase 30 yrs and demand rice. 10) FAO food production increase: Increase 70% -2050=9 billion 11) World food shortages- less time: 50 to 70 days: food riots, increase $- 75 million poverty/hunger. Wealth increase, inequality increase. Africa better, but economy not. 12) H20 food wars. |
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What dictates the growth limits?
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- Concerns sustainable development planet and overpopulation
-Limits? 2 trillion 300 yrs -Techno fix? worked 60's/70's - or voluntary decrease BR/ natural limits- starve -Run out of food- Gree Reolution helped, some areas didnt- fertilisers -Food crisis- ban export and prevent starving. As soon as population exceeds resources available reosurces is point of crisis. |
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What is the Malthus Thesis?
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English economist:
1798: An essay on Principles of population Argues: 1) All bio population increase > food 2) Population limited by food 3) Popluation decrease: abstinence, destructive= wat/poverty 4) People too lazy/ immoral to decrease BR 5) Opposed help food for poor |
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What was Matlhus'overpopulation thesis?
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Argued:
-population x2 every generation (geometric) -Food increased by 1, life > food?? -Food shortage - population curbs- famine 19th century: Technology, production, fertilizers and trade better- proved wrong, argue population economically increased. |
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What are the current growth limits- Give historical recount?
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1970's: Renew concerns-seem Malthus correct
1970: Plummet: limits to growth (Club Rome) - Collapse food, economy too. 1977: Carter Comission : global resource deplete 2100 1992: Rio Conference- strive sustaianble devt-none 2004: Pentagon Report: enviro change 2020: impact world economy. vs Academic literature: Science: 30 bn-2100: estimated carrying cpapcity some countries, N.Z., Aussy good, Africa exceed self/. |
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What are the current global food concerns?
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-Global average- ag production: 1.7%
-Last 6 to 9 years= demand > supply= < 70 days supply 2007. -45% increase 30 yrs China - grains for cattle -Bio fuel switch to many grain producers- decrease grain supply - food grains used make ethanol linked to peak oil |
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What are some facts on biofuel?
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1) 30% U.S> crops 2008
2) Corn-1 tank= feed 1 person per yr 3) Increase corn price 4) UN critical $$: 2005- 08 = corn/ wheat x3, rice x 5. 5) Food riots 24 countries: 75 mn poverty 6) Global warming: decreased food 10% India, 47% Southern Africa. |
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What has occurred in Malawi?
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HDI (health , education, income) : 151/162
-85% pop rural: little land -Av food decrease 20%- 15 yrs per person -Drought/ erosion prone -40% chidren malnorusihed. |
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What is the future way forward?
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-International agreements: gloomy, techno advancements, voluntary decrease of B.R., impact crises- Aids, disaster, mutation of disease.
1) Cut CO2 2) Stabilize world population 8 bn 3) Educate poor 4) Resotre forests, aquifers. |
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What is the trend population wise in the north?
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-15% global population, 15% total pop growth last 00 yrs
-DR> BR- total fertility < replacement= Italy, Japan (below 2.1 threshold) -Russia lose 750 000 - 16 yrs- lack fashion/ $ have children |
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What are some other trends demographically for the north?
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-Life expectancy > 75 yrs
Germany increasing age -Working population Europe decreased 20%- dont want foreigners working Problesm: population decline oong term -Health burden (more old) -Taxes increase or retirement delayed -Alter population pyramid Political: -Older conservatives (anti foreign work) Germany: 40% educated women: double income, no kids. Welfare 6 workers/ retiree=2:1 |
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What are some differences between north and south?
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North static and 70mn per annum
-North decline, Africa increase 1 billion (2050) |
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Population in the south?
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1) Youthful, growing, aids
2) Increased % of world population-85% Low DR, high BR= NI-3% (Somalia) 3)High TFR= 6, declining 4) DR declining than North -Mainly 50% under 15 -BR sloing, But youthful pops still repor -Youth dependence -Poverty increasing, exceed population growth. Hard to escape poverty with growing population. -Resource supply problems -Social service problems/welfare -Poort eco growth - High population growth: Large families, decrease per child High demands eco investment/ $ accumulated Poor eco growth |
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What are the enviro consequences of population growth?
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1) Industrial revolution facilitated:
a) Techno devt. b) Mechanization c) Growth population size and wealth d) Increase transport and demand acquire resources Food to minerals to industrial products -Global supply system and resource exploitation- forests, fish and minerals, fields. -Last 400 yrs: Transformed world profoundly -Increased consumption standards -North: America beyond carry capacity if we did same: 5% world pop, 25% world energy and pollutants. -Population technology, technology increase- enviro changes. |
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What are the associated enviro effects- growing populations demand on food?
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a) Ecol imperialism: Intro alien plants - bad indigenous.
-Destroy forest cover -CO2 increase- 7% earth surface -Soil erode/ exhaustion- over use pop grow and market demands. |
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L3: Urbanization and the enviro:
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Introduction:
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-Rapid and sustained growth urban: distinctive human impact- planet and evolution
-2007: 50% world urbanized- focu cities: enviro, eco, social -Large demands on resource- food/H20 |
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What is the histroy and what is urbanization?
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-Humans moved to fixed urban area for better life
-Started 10 000BC mid East, fertile crescent (Palestine and Egypt- ag people move to cities) -Slow start (walk distance)- Nile, India -Industrial revolution: catalyesed shock cities- Manchester (x4) 100 yrs- very fast growing- faster economically -Last 200 yrs: Increase mega cities (> 10m)- London Rate urbnization: 1800-3%, 2007=50% |
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What are some statistics concerning North vs. South urbanisation?
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North: 80% urban, South 40%
-> 20 cities over 10 mn people: 1) Tokyo (28mn) 2) Mexico City (18mn) 3) Mumbai, India (18mn) -Majority top 10 in South! Used be in North -Amalgamate and absorb other places -China: 160 cities >1mn (35% increase Shanghai 2000 to 2010) -Afircas total urban population x8 in 40 yrs. Lagos 1960= 750 000 to 13.4 m (2000) |
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What are the key concerns in the developing world?
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1) megactity increase in devleoping
2) Inadequate shelter 3) high growth rates: world- 0.8%, Africa x2 4) By 2020- 2bn more urban e) 30% below poverty line-developers |
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What is the environmental impact of urbanization?
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-1st cities (10 000 yrs ago)= 80 farmers to 1 urban.
Now: 0.5% population farmers, 80% urban. Due to structured food supply -Rapid growth citites last 100 yrs- loss prime farmland ie: 1992-97= 13.7mn acres lost US -Issue lifestyle block -Developing world: Cost sonstrained compress poor into high density slums: 1 billion people- enviro stress/pollution: ie: Shenzeng: Eco burnout with massive opulation growth (31x- 1980 population) -Urbaniztion Western world- squeeze out rural pop as house increaed $$. -Europ some farms reserved though =+ |
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What are some input challenges?
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a) H20 shortage: Provlem major cities. 400mn urban lack access to ssafe drinking H20: Lagos-90% without supply- $ for poor privatisation H20
b) Food: More distant/ < land, increase cost: Access, buy, supply etc c) Runoff /pollution: Damage 40% major H20 sources d) Solid waste: Non collect, incineration/ leaching. Collect those with $$, rest fires. e) Wasted/ mismanaged resources: Abandoned -Urban spaces/ loss farm land -Excessive hard surfaces- poor H20 quality return. |
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Whawhat are some output costs : enviro footrpint
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-North: Urban sprwal increase resource demand, increase commutin. Cars-62% CO, 32% G.G.
South: Increase conc 60% Calcattas pop- respiratory problems/shanghai with cancer. c) Sewerage: Cnt afford to treat: cholera/ fish decrease, 35% developing coutnries- access/ |
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Describe the devleoped world urban enviro?
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- Physical enviro cities prove changes:
a) Inner city dereliction: Residential, harbour areas vs inner city renewal (restore degraded urban enviro, poor lose) b) Price urban sprawl: Loss land/ high service costs/ abandon old residential areas c) Vs:Static urban pop: Some places - state houses in Dunners d) Retail sprawl/ park vs CBD abandonment- retail renew e) Industrial aprwal: reuse industrial- new uses of devt: warehouses poor. |
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What are some questions for mainly the north?
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-High energy/ costs- dispersed settlements- extend service to new urban areas- drain existing urban area and lose rural land
-Inefficiencies : Commuting distance to lifestyle blocks and ultra high density cities -Is retial best clustered, CBD/ big box devt.- greenfiled sites. -Are controls on sprawl/ growth possible/ desirable, use incentives? |
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What is the wa
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1) Rapid urbanization is likely to increase: unabated in South:
-Rural devt alternatives seldom work in the developing world -In North: there are limited controls eg: rules but may not halt life style blocks - especially in USa/UK 3) Povert, inequity, water, energy and food shortages: are serious long term challenges cities north/sth. 4) Poor mangement and under resourcing: especially cities of sth impedes change Alternative: -Alternative enrgy -New water sourves/harvestinf Manage risk -Sustaianble citites/ transition towns/ urban ag -Rural devt options and improve devleoping world -Controsl spwl -employment creation sth. |
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L1: Environmet and development: Tony Binns:
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.................
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What are some stats comparn Sierra Leone to Dunedin? Max age, die b/f 5 yrs ( ot of 1000) , mothers die at birth, read/write (adults)
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Max age: Dunedin= 80, Sierra Leone (freetown)=42
Die b/f 5: 6, 282 Mothers die at birth: 9, 2100 (out of 100 000) Read/write: 99%, 35% |
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Compare the quality of life indicators betweenN.Z., norway, sierra leone and Zimbawe?
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HDI: 19, 1, 177, 151
GDP: 26664,-, 216, 259 Mean % population growth annually: 0.8%,-, 2.2%, 1% Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe have low health standard: 2.2% - inrease child as many die, needed on fars (die: diarrhea). N.Z. 0.8% du migration higher than U.K. |
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Wht is development compred t rowth?
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Development: Decrease pverty, inequality and unemployment, and abilityyo fulfil ambitions
-Increase qulity of life homeand ovrseas Growth: Ecnomic growth. |
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What is UNDP and HDI?
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UNDP (United Nation Development Programme):
-evt > rise/fall national incms -Devt. about eorrect envrio- people develop t full potential -Expandon choices: lead to valuable lives UN Human Development Index (HDI): Measures country's achiveents- 3 aspects of development: 1) health: Life expect birth 2) knweldge: Adult literacy 3) Standard living- GDP/cpita (US$)- primary, 2dary, tertiary enrolment 3 rankings: High, medium, low. 2006: to 2011 : V high= 1) norway, 4) U.S. 5) N.Z. 28) UK Med: 97) Sri Lanka 125) Vanuatu Low: 147: Timor Leste 180) Sierra Leone 187) Cngo All: progress education, HIV/Aids recover - Botswana/ Zambia. |
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What are the mot / lat corupt countries in world (2011) an greates military expenditure:
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Most corrupt:
172) Venezuela 175) Iraq 180) Afghanistan 182) North korea an Somalia Least corrupt (2011): 1) N.Z. 2) Denmark/Finland 4) Sweden 5) Singapore 10) Canada Greates military expenditure: By % GDP 1) Oman=11.4% 2) Qatar=10%/ Saudi Arabia, China 4.3 4) Iraq=8.6 |
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How to promote development and improve the quality of life?
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1) Health (food, at school- nutritious- Missionary nurses- test blood for illnesses- Malarai, river blindnes etc)
2) education |
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Problems a moment in devt with :
1) Health 2) Education |
1) Low life expectancy, high child mortality ( Malaria)
-Malaria- terrible South Saharan Africa (80% globe deaths) -Clean H20/ sanitation (stagnant H20) -Rainy season- malaria Hunagary: malnutrition -60% global HIV SSA (1.6 million deaths)- 4.7 m infected -Access health low- lack skilled workrsm o drugs- $ -NGO;s help rural healthcare. 2) education: -reach human potential -Less girls attend schol- developing -Without imapct devt. -Girls: Increase health/ welfare- huseholds, eco active women- btter care/ nutrition for children, decrease disease/ child mortality - Millenium devt goals: Achieve global primary education/ gender equality -Reinforces devt freedoms -Muslims- less likely allow. |
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What are the Millenium Development Goals?
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Overview: 8 goals to 18 targets by 2015-UN n 2000
1) Eradicate extreme poverty/ hunger: Decrease by half # live $1/day T2: Decrease by 1/2 # suffer hunger 2) Achieve unvrsal prmary education: T3: All children complete primary school 3) promote gender equality and empower women: T4: Within primary and 2ndary by 2005, all levels 2015. 4) decrease child mortality: T5: Decrease by 2/3 ortality rate: Children under 5 5) improve maternal health: Decrease 3/4 maternal mortality ratio 6) Combat HIV/ Aids , malaria etc: Halt/ revere HIV/ Aids, T8: Reverse other diseases 7) Ensure enviro sustaianbility: T9: Integrate sustaanble devt to policies / programmes and reverse loss envir resources T10: Decrease by 1/2 proportion people without sustaianble access to drink H20/ sanitation T11: Imporve > 100 million slum dwellers by 2020 8) Develop global partenrship for devt: T12-18: Help all othr countries *ie: Africa) to develop. |
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What did Malthus propose?
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1798: An essay on the Principles of population
-Negative ( worst possible) scenario- pop grow > food supply= starvation -Wanted preventative and positive checks population grow- moral restraint -Massive impact: gloomy outlook. |
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What did Ester Boserup propose aboiut devt?
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-Danish economist/ wrier
1965: The conditions of ag growth Argued: -If pop growth not too rapid, pops adapt in time to enviro and cultivation strategies- maintain/ increase yields without degrade resources -Population growth led to innovation and intensification- traditional food production systems -Case studies support: Machakos (Kenya), terraced-increased food egs: -Terracing, cultivate around city: Cuba- more productive enviro -Guylin, China: Rice and lots crops either side -Fruit trees: Stabilise, sell and eat- Africa -Morocco: Marikesh- terraces. |
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L2: Enviro and devt -Bins: Adaptions to the Enviro:
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..............................
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Case study 1: Urban ag- Freetown Sierra Leone:
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.............................
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Sierra Leone overview:
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Poor: 180/187 HDI (2011)
-W. Africa- small (71740 sqkm) -6.4 million, 2.2% population growth -Civial war- diamonds 1991-2002 |
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Who and what did Charles Taylor do?
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-Rebel army invade Sierra Leone from liberia- for diamonds.
-Called: RUF- Revolutionary United Front -N.E. Sierra: Kailahun- burnt -Libya supplied the with guns -All way Freetown then killed by British- captured UN peacekeepers. Freetown Kailahun- diamonds |
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What is the significance of urban ag in Sierra Leone?
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1) Nutrition- veges and fruit- god diet- vitamins and fibre
2) Fod security: grow veges- ensure household enough eat - food expensive. 3) income: Veges/ fruit- market- $$ Interview/GIS mapping Women= key role growing/ feed -Pollution/ toxins H20- affect veges when eaten. |
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Other facts:
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- Children/ women help out with lanting- lettuce, tomatoes, bananas.
-Very good at farming Problems: -Land security isnt guaranteed- thrown off. No $ for people as gvot take land- children suffer too. |
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Case 2: Climate change and migration-Tuvalu:
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...................................
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Facts:
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-C.C. = caused by atmospheric pollution associated with industrialisation and devt. Worlds richer countries
-Many worlds poorest coutnries suffer most effects of climate change eg: Sea level increase affect Bangladesh (152 mn), Maldives (300 000) and low lying Sri Lanka/ Indonesia- tsunami (2004) -Pacific Island: vulnerable Tokelau and Tuvalu- storms also increased. |
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What is a description of Tuvalu?
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-9 small islands in SOuth Pacific
- 1 metre average above H20 -with highest 4.5m -Area: 24.4sqkm, 4th smallest in world -Rise sea= swamp -Independence- UK, 1978 -Smallest number UN Population: 10 000 (2008) -Economy: Copra, handicrafts, aid and remittances Ver thin islands. |
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Key questions for future ?
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Is it fair world's poorest countries suffer more effects C.C.- mainly caused 1st world? Should they receive more international help?
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What is the problem in Tuvalu?
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-Left home: migrate to Fiji, Aussie, U.S., N.Z. (28%)
-U.S./ Canada= 50 Tuvaluans, Aussie=300, Fiji=600, N.Z.=3000- manily W Auckland. -Try get deal N.Z. if inundated-come here: survial N.Z. must support move. Area: Very beautiful, houses on stilits, lots problems with rubbish/ pollution. BBC News 2009: Renewable energy by 2020: wind, solar - example for others to follow. |
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L3: Planning for sustaianble urban devt- binns and Freeman:
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................
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What is the development sustaianbility agenda?
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-Sustaianble devt- meet needs present without compromising future.
N.Z.: RMA- Manage use , devt., protect natural and physical resurces in way/ at rate enables people and communities provide- social, eco, and cultural ellbieng and for health and safety: a) Sustain natural/physical resources b) Safeguard air, H20, soil, ecosystems c) Avoid, remedy or mitigate effects activities. |
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What is the Rio declaration and devt and Agenda 21?
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1991/2002/2012 occurred: Turned theory sustianability into actions
Priciple 1: Humans= healthy/ prod. life harmony withnature. P3: Look help future generations P4: Enviro protection part devt. Rio 2012: Sustaianble devt, ensure eco, social, enviro sustaianble future. |
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What is the Urban devt Global RReport (2009)?
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Switch rural to urban
-Urban lanning must undrstnad: ENvro challenges, C.C. , excess car depednece -Rapid urbanisation -Eco challenges -Socio-spatial challenges ie: Auckalnd-overfull , no spatial plan- do we channel away or $ into devleoping- need stop single storied lifestyle blocks |
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What is a sustaianble devt in urban enviro?
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1) Low impact on H20
2) Local technology build bridge 3) Density high 4) Local reosurces used 5) Free space Amsterdam: sustaianble- compact, high densit, local transport/ materials, bikes, impact= need resources in. Northern Wellington: Unsustain- large houses, no public transport, few resouces ( travel to supermarkets)- common in N.Z. |
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What are some urban mistakes-devt?
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ie: Gravelly hill interchange: main motorways, England intrsect centre of city.
-Transport congested: crash massive hold ups. ie: Brisbane: North bank- 1970's: transport/ area inefficient. South bank- very good , bikes, non cngested. |
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Poor urban devt:
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-High rise, unappealing, bad use of space, Singapore: good.
Strife -hazards: Strife- walls between fighting areas, ahazards: Chch builings falling down. hazards- sand storms Aussie/ pollution Fiji. |
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What is social polarisation?
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- Poor (slums/ street) vs rich ( pools, lifestyle blocks)
-Who redistributes resources in society? |
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What is the role of urban planning- needs?
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Challenges: Urbanisation, poverty, informality, and safety.
-National persepctive -Capacity t enforce plan -More central role devt/ meet basic needs -Capacity to enforce plan regulations-realistic. Planning: Relies on stable, effective and accountable local govt and strong civil society- Positive role. Dunedin cant afford stadium. -New spatial forms/ processes outside control. |
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Can we build sustaianble communities?
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-As get more $, use local resoruces and keep extending house
Upton, Uk: -High density, storm drain, solar power, outside town (why not as sustaianble) |
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Describe the case study of Perth?
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Basic facts:
1.5 million to 4.2 million (2050)-651000 new homes -24% homes 1 person -Av house 7x av world land area -High ecol footprint -Too much use of cars *3.1 trips per person/ weekday, 2.1 cars per house, 10% use public transport, 250 000 trips <1km -1:6 Aussies obese -70%=av 2hrs commute (housng) -Veery dry use aquifers -900 ha native vege cleared /yr -80% wetlands lost How to solve problems in Perth? 1) Change in housing-downsize 2) decrease use H20- not expand desert areas 3) Perth could lose water very easily-ghost town/city Can it be rectified? -Change in lifestyle (not 40km commute) -Local govt regulation increase -Strong population and devt controls -H20, land, air (importance) -regulate H20 -Change in way - live property -220 to 120sqkm |
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What occurred in Hammarby Sjostad-Stockholm?>
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-Masterplan- Stockholm City Planning Bureau
-200 hectare district: 9000 apartments- 20 000 people, 10 000 people work area -Emphasis ecol and enviro sustaianbility. -Undertake sustaianble and very energy efficient /enviro friendly practices. The Plan: -Central cana -Trams, ferry, bus, car pool -enviro programme: land decontamination, sustaianble transport and energy, H20, recycling, environment educaton centre. -High density, beauty, all ways - enviro friendly Won award: World clean energy award winner , 2007: 1) Construction new urban devt 2) Transport and molility 3) Decreae impact enviro by 1/2 Positives: High quality, use public transport 2/3 trips, good services, large # families, 60% owners,happy residents, sustaianble. |
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L1: Media and the environment:
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...........................................
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What are some uses of media?
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-Makes sense of natural disasters
-Influences people's opinions of climate change etc |
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How can we communicate environmental issues?
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-Poilitics: enviro communication, habit for it
-need understand media and perspective. |
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What is the philosophical orientation of media and enviro?
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Rationalise perspective (Soper):
a) Aesthetic: Nature preserve like art, beauty, inspire , light. b) Intrinsic: Inherently valuable-preserve value nature naturally has. Ecology. c) Utility: Continues our survival- responsible saving future generations. |
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How is media influential in publicising sustaianble enviro practices?
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1) N.Z.: Early settlers: road within forest: control and management of enviro bad as commodifying it.
2) Earthrise: From Apollo 8- 1st time seen earth fragile state. Emotional/intellectual impacts. 3) Silent Spring; (Rachel Carson, 1962): GLobal enviro consciousness- show impact pesticides/ pollution. |
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How influential is mass media?
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a) production of content
b) representation c) reception- persuades us behaviours Hypodermic needle: large effect inserting ideas int public idea. |
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What is a brief history of FX tradition?
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1900's to 1940's: Propoganda= win people over with media
1940's-70's: Minimal effects -active audiences: loss hype - not new anymore, form own views/ intentions. 1970's to now: More subtle - not tell what t think, but what think about, emphasise desired points, leave out the rest. "Selection and salience" 2 step theory: a) People influenced by peers (1/2 opinion leaders)- target these as most influential. |
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What is mass media influence on politics?
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McQuuail (2000):
-Element process democratic politics: provide arena for wide debate, candidates widely known, ditribute information / opinion widely. -Exercise power to thpse access media, politicians and agents of govt. |
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What is mass media influence on culture?
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- Primary source definitions / images of social reality and most obvious expression shared id.
-Largest focus leisure time interest, provide shared cultural enviro- most people more so than other institutes. |
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What is mass media influence commercially?
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-Increase economic significance, media industries grow, diversify, increase power market.
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What is news media?
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1) Inform
2) Debate 3) Entertain Reithian Public sphere: 1st director of BBC used today. Stimulates public discussion in issues: political, economical cultural Policing function: Watchdog- corruption/ criminals conflicted interest in issues. |
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Convergence and a digital world: What was significance of getty images?
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getty images.com (Began, 1995: Investment bankers Getty and Klein)
1998: Digitised bansks- data= no storage/ distribution costs -Purchased databases $1 billion (Kodak) -Largest supplier images world -Cheap photos to publishers, editors, new produceers, and creatives. -175m page views/ month. Idealised photos: different views on this. Generic decontextualised images from: a) Time and space b) politics c) Society d) Culture e) Real events -Romaticised beauty, fragility, abundance- fail document C.C./ threats to enviro |
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What is representation?
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Re- Presentation:
-Systems representation: actual object person/ idea (real/ fictional) and mental concept and sign -Desert (spoken/written): image, iceon=resembles actual object with 2 dimensions ( cant feel , see beyond borders, smell) -Actual setting 3-D material -Media outputs= complex sign systems. |
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What does representation require?
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Shared conceptual map:
-A shared language= "Any sound, word , image or object which functions as a system and is organised with other signs into a system- capable of carrying/ expressing meaning. |
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L2: Media and enviro:
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..................................
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What is representation?
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-Describe/ depict
-Symbolise/ stand in for |
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What are some 2nd level signs? Pollution
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- Ideas pollution- connotative, meaning ( cultural assoc.) . Picture associated with pollution- complex, repeated ideas.
-1 image: shortcut to complex concept culturally constructed -Cows: not related as much to pollution although still do it. |
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What is so invisible about greenhouse gases?
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-Do cows pollute as much as cars?
-C.C. effects both -Ag= 14% G.G. -2/3 Ammonia- cows -Methane 23 x power CO2 |
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What are some influences on media representation?
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New values: Conflict, dramatisation, simplification.
Sources: Privileging elite voices ( politicians) New rituals: Objectivitiy Framing and narrative: selection, emphasis Structural constriaints: Ownership $ and dealines. Conflict: visualise deviance -Dramatisation: event part drama ( news worthy)- words/visual -Simplify (10 to 12 yrs audience aim) -Personalise: Rina victim |
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What resources does investigative reporting require?
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-Time
-$ increased as senior reporters -May be silneced by corporation/ elite ( political pressure)-blackballed=not allowed in. |
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Who is Chris Masters and what did he report on?
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Aussie: famous investigative reporter- 4 documentaries:
1) moonlightstate (1987)=police/ govt to jail 2) French connections (1985) 3) Rainbow Warrior |
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What did Rafael Rowe find out about illgal timber thinning?
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What: 6 months track illegal timber: Congolese rainforest W Europe. Major biodiversity threat. Were logging more than marked and therefore getting more profit.
Where: Congo to France occurring |
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What does the iconic image of Milford Sound evoke?
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-National pride
-'bucket list' -Pristine landscape 100% PURE : power of metaphor (1st order) 2nd order:'- The Power- Enviro as Pure: -Not artificial - Natural -No contaminants/ pollution to Function: support control and mangement- commodify out of enviro. -Not reality (100% UNPURE) -No swimming in rivers -media once/ govt representation natural enviro= container natiornal reosurces responsibly controlled / managed- economic utility framework. Tsm N.Z.: stated- combo landscapes, people, activiites=100% PURE |
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What are some media frames-selective?
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1) I.D. problem
2) Explain cuase 3) present reason 4) lead to solution |
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What is Gestalt's framing?
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- Framing associated with Geestalt/ pattern organising nature- culture/social institutions
Gestalt: pattern elements unified as whole We fill in rest - from own knowledge He did old and young lady - 1 picture: depends personal viewpoint- what see/ interpret ie: contesting frames and cant give time to both - Aggressive protestors is deomcratic defenders of justice. |
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How is process of farming portrayed?
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-Symbolic nature: condensational symbols (shorthand meaning)- suggests: frame reasoning and justifications
Interpretive package: Idea elements (cluster ideas) and issue. |
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What are 5 elelments the construct interpretive package (5 elements):
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Metaphors, exemplars, catch phrases, depictions, visual images
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What are some reasons and justifications for prevention of interpretive package- policy position particular issues ( 3 elements)?
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Roots, consequences, and appeal to principle
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How would media break down the story of the Rina?
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1) Issue: Ship wreck Mt Manganui
2) Idea elements: Community reactor, episodic disaster, pollute waters/beach, govt response (CLUSTER IDEAS) Symbolic signature: Contains condensational symbols: symbolic shorthand- beliefs, feelings, worldviews 1) Frame construction: organise pattern 2) Reasoning and justifications. |
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What are condensational symbols?
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-Visual images: battered ship- enviro conditions= reason.
-Looting -Beached and broken (Metaphor for Rena- victim) -Spitting out -Wildlife paid price, renas demise (neutral) -Lurk sea metaphor- trespasser Can rely on govt- blame weather and looters: Rena is the victim. |
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What are some alternative frames for Rina?
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-Political/ commercial accountability (content/ structure)
-Enviro regulation -Enviro risk |
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Who were the missing voices (parties) in the Rina?
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-Green peace/ enviro groups
-Political oppsition -Minister for the environment. |
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L3: Media and the environment- Tsunamis across Sri Lanka: Narratives of crisis when nature stirkes:
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.................................
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Give some info on the damage/ facts of tsunami?
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East and South sides worse off
When: 26 Dec, 2004 What: 30527 deaths -Pya/boxing day -2 tsunamis Cosmolgical event: turned world upside down- foreign enviro -Physical , emotional, cognitively damaging. |
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What occurred in the investigation after?
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Qualitative: Thick descrpition (content)
Data sources: a) Media artifacts b) Oral narratives c)Scratch/ head notes d) Direct obervation Media selection: discourse analysis: -Puposive sampl- English newspapers: -Daily News, Sunday Times/ OBserver In depth interviews and focu group: Individuals: Restaurant owners / managers: Male 54 yrs, public officer Focus group: 9 attendees: 5 females/ 2 male: Aged 37 to 78. |
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What is a disaster considered to be?
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-Event combines destructive force from natural, modified, built enviro and population- socially and economically producing condition: vulnerability, result disruption of world- individual harder to survive.
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What is a narrative?
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Event accounted for- has sequence events- isteners assign meaning.
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What did Hoffman, 2002 do?
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Referres to minister
-Maternal privder vs cruel destroyer -psychic/ social tensions- disaster communicated - symbols in nature Gave monster characteristics: -Resistant other -Ontological liminality -Antichiachronicity -Resist capture -Attraction -Unique Physically -Fear vs desire: want risk tsunami. |
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What were some media narratives used for tsunami?
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-Makara: Scary wave- dragon from myth: religious icons untouched:
ie: Princess Devi and King Kavantissa- Buddhists: King offends sacrifice daughter. Gint wave inland Ominous ceremonies: ees buddha statue: performed wrong tiem. |
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How did they theorise narratiive using Burke's sramatic pentad?
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-Act, scene, agent/ actor, agency, purpose.
Narratives-Tsunami: -Teacher: nature- demonstrate humans small conflicts-govt/ tigers, soldiers - cease this fight. - Divine judgement ecol idea of goods. -Poliical/ science measure -George Bush- helped -Inader -Site opposition: selflessness. |
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How did they theorise Oral narratives?
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Monstrosity : enormous size/ power
-3 different waves -Attraction: curious locals n sand -Monsterisation of victims (Yakka- like) |
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What are some discussion points?
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-Restore social/ personal equilibrium
-Monstrisation -Warning systems- should be in place. |
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What are some considerations people make after the media coverage of the tsunami?
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-Disasters: rethink people vs nature vs culture interfaces.
-Monster metaphor: construct disaster -Restore psychological equilibrium- ease . heighen anxiety |
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What are some policy narratives?
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-narratives stabilise assumptions: policy maing- situations persist with many nknowns, high degree interdependence- begin, mid, end. Sequence events. hat will ahppen:
-Legitimise policy assumptions: relation to high levels uncertainty, ecomplements: -narratives resilient when light: facts and discredited by scientific evidence -Metanarratives emerge from 2 conflict narratives. Hard resolve tension b/w competing narratives. GESTALT THEORY |
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What did Gestalt beleive?
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-Viwer project- modernity, young lady cant see validity tradition- old lady /vice versa/
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What are metanarratives?
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-Embrace, temporary, major opposition: controversy, without process slight any opposition.
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What were lessons learnt from 2001: The Gujavent e/q:
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Quicha house: Permananet shock proof timber frames, interwoven branches and plastered earth.
metanarrative- risk perception: - Heightened risk threads- both narratives -Record results - instruct, evaluate, adapt to other contexts -Foci: perceived risks differerent in each narrative -Consultative: participation process lead to new understanding/ approach applied establish policy plan procedures. |
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L1: Centre for sustainability : maturanga Maori Rongoa- traditina knowledge of plants:
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...........
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What is this research based on?
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-Indigenous (Maori) agroecology
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What is Mauri?
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Life force- all related
-we are energised: kaur tree, mountains, natrue , beauty, ferns , streams, tussocks- central Otago, H20 crest. |
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What is the maori traditional knowledge?
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- amori learnt alot about plants over time/ animals: valuable to their survival:
1) Respect 2) Adapt 3) Generational knowledge ie: Plants build with, carve, weave, instruments, what to eat and how, wod pigeon, wounds. |
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What is Taonga?
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Plants- treasure, valued and protected (meaning)
-Used medicine death rituals, healing cuts. |
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What is Kaitangata?
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-Guardiansip and protection
-manage resources with respect -Traditional guidelines Lunar calender: planet, harvest , stars-navigate -Applies all people: values, language, culture and wisdom. -Take only hat is needed -hunt/ fish fr food -harvest what tree gives -Rahui: break imposed allow area to recover. |
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What is traditional aori knowledge?
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-Encompasses activiites
-Resource mangement -Survival (food from wild) MAHINGA KAI: "Term- places food subsistence resources collected." Not confined to cultivated land, grow food- places gathered tuna, fern root etc. -114 different resources- 1700 locations: sth island, few known now. -Sugar cabbage tree, not practicedculture- lose, wood pigeon too. |
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What did Dr Jim williams say about berres and Ti kouka in his 2 papers in 1880?
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-Mahinga Kai sites: exclude Maori land deals- but taken, not visited: altered, used land.
Berries: Karaka, ancetral homelands. Fleshy outer layer: can be toxic without cooking -Convalsions an kill Ti Kouka: growth tips- stripped leaves eaten (kouka), young stem - nutritious sugars (kauru), rhizomes roasted *kauru). Dug out bottom Otago Peninsula. |
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How did tey make fire?
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-By hand
-Soft wood base, hard wood stick -Fluff catches spark. |
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What were significance of musical instruments and puppet?
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-Man revive instruments
-Very rare today -Instruments- part Gds fail -Tunes= Rangi (sky father), rhythms = heartbeat-Papa (earth mother), wind instruments (Tawhiri Matea), Tangaroa - shel instruments, Tane: God of forest - ancestors used them. |
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What is Te Rongoa?
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-harvesting of herbs-medicine/ messages
"Know Rongoa Maori- part forest, generations observed details" -Insufficient respect -All founded on forest know it -Ancestor: trees/plants -Spiritual/ physical nor separate ( unconnected)- broken, ill health 5 parts: Mind, body, land, family, spirit. |
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What are some plant species in N.Z. used by the Maori people?
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-Pepper tree
-Supple jack -Maunka tea tree Bull kelp (eat edges) -Flax |
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What did the French/ Catholic nun/ nurse do in Auckalnd in 1860?
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-Fluent Maori and local Maori remedies
1890's: own patient medicines -WORM REMEDY |
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What is some traditional knowledge methods for Maori?
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- Safeguard resource
-Conserve not exploit -Resources made available |
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How to adapt Te Rongoa (Maori health system) to on farm pharmacy: rationale?
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-Respect, record and utilise traditional knowledge
-Industrialised farm systems increased animal health and producitivty issues -Responsible farm sustaianbility and safeguard biodiversity |
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What was the T Rongao project?
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- Te Putahi farm 450 ha- Banks Peninsula
-Tonic plants, anti parasites, scour, dust complaints/TB, improve lactation of ewes and wound healing -THink plants help other species survive? Pollinator- bees, kereru, tui, weta. |
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How to map the farm they took ovr?
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-1st proposal: remove all alnd not stable ( 302 ha)- plants
2nd time: Remove unstable land-238ha |
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What was suggested land ude for farm?
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-227 ha plants, 216 pasture- find best areas pkants: make farm work etc.
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What are some key figures concerning the farm compositions (animals etc)?
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-12 crops, 14 animals= most worlds food
-76% food crops disappeared last century -20% livestock breeds-at risk, 9% extinct -20% rangeland: degraded- overgraze/ harvest. |
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What is the big therefore?
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-Local knwledge and use ways life vital to their survival.
-Address 21st century problems, -nderstand system -Integrate traditional knowledge. |
