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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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mutation definition
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any change in genetic material
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functions of DNA
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-pass on genetic info
-protien production -controls cellular metabolism |
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mutation types
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1. point gene
2. chromosomal aberration 3. change in chromosome # |
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point mutation
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-change in moleculel level
-deleted/added/sudstituted |
EX: hemophelia, sickle cell, diabetes type 1
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Change in chromosome #
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Failure to seperate chromosomes during meiosis, some cells more than normal, others less than normal
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EX: trisomy 16, trisomy 13/18, trisomy 21
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chomosomal abberations
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-loss or addition of large pieces
-reversal of parts -range from little to lethal effect (loss of whole chomosome=fatal) |
EX: philly chromo- translocation of 9/22
chronic myelogenous leukemia (blood) |
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klienfelters syndrome
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Males: XXY genotype
-2/1,000 sterile, hips, ^breast, broadneck, waist |
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Turners Syndrome
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Females: X genotype
-1/3,000 sterile, braodneck, not developed |
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mutagens
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cause mutations-can be spontaneous or caused by cosmic rays and radiation
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mutagen rates and pregnancy
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15% spontaneous miscarrige
5-6% abnormal chromosome 1 in 3 of all preg. end b.c of genetic abnormalities |
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teratology
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study of abnormal formations in plants and animals
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teratogen
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substance capable of causing harm to fetus (defect or death)
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teratogen tragedies
(4) |
-1940: nutritional deficiency study
-1941: german measles (rubella) -1960's: thalidomide, in europe kids born with no long bones of limbs -1970's: DES, daughters at high risk for cancers |
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrom (FAS)
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1-3/1,000
-extreme form of maternal child abuse - most toxic of any abused drugs -CNS damage -mental retardation -heart defects - skeletal defects -clef lip/palate |
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teratogens: drugs and chemicals (7)
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-dioxin
-anasthesia -cigarette smoke -dinantin -valproic acid -accutane -tegison |
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teratogens: pathogenic infections
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-german measles
-syphilis -herpes -cytomegalovirus -toxoplasmosis |
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teratogenesis
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dose responce dependent on stage of fetal development at exposure time
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organogenesis
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18-60th day after contraception
-most sensitive time -30th day peak |
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Cancer in Humans-facts and stats
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20-25% cause of all deaths in industrialized nations
6.6 million world deaths annually 1500 deaths per day |
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cancer is..
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cell regulation gone awry, continued cell division and growth
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how does cancer spread?
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-lymph system
-blood (METASTASIS) |
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initiation of cancer process
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carcinogen -> target cell
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adducts of cancer process
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DNA has carcinogen bound cells
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Promotion of cancer
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stimulation of initiated cells
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progression of cancer
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needs 3-7 additional random mutations-> malignant growth
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mutant genes CA
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-oncogene RAS, causes cells to divide endlessly
-mutant tumor suppressor gene -adaposis blocked |
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4 causes of cancer
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-pathogens
-heredity -oxidation damage in cells -exposure to environmental carcinogens |
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dietary factors known to cause cancer
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-diet= 1/3 of US cancer deaths
-food additives: coal tar dye, sodium nitrite (hotdogs) -aflatoxins |
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anticarcinogens
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-sulforaphane: cabbage family
-lycopene: cooked tomato products |
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air pollution
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urban air has very potent carcinogens, damage gene molecular structure
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occupational exposure
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Sir Percival Pott: scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps
-higher rates in some occupations -NIOSH -US workers exposed to about 3-9 million proven carcinogens |
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occupational carcinogens (7)
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-asbestos
-vinyl chloride -anesthetic gas -benzene -benzidine -hardwood dust - radio active mine dust |
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cancer in:
industrialized vs. developing countries |
-rate higher in industrialized
types differ: industrialized- cigarette, asbestos, high fat diets developing- food preservatives, viruses, fungal toxins in food |
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