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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
any chemical that releases hydrogen when dissolved in water
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acid
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acidic solutions
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0-7
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basic solutions
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7-14
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Natural rainfall
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5.6 (atmosphere)
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carbonic acid
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H2O + CO2 -> H2CO3
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layer of warm air overlies a layer of cooler air near the ground
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temperature inversions
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normal pattern
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sun warms air near surface of earth, warm air rises carrying pollutants, pollutants are dispersed by upper level winds. Common in areas in calleys with periodic cold weather, mountains/oceans
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(sulfur dioxide)carried as much as 600 miles by prevailing winds
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primary pollutants
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(sulfuric acid and nitric acid) formed with water vapor
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secondary pollutants
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amount of damage from acid deposition is a function of...
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acidity of water, buffering capacity of soil, and varieties of plants and animals
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resistance to changes in pH
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buffering capacity; lowest capacity-thin acidic soils (granite origin), soils that buffers have been depleted by exposure
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human health impacts of acid dep.
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resp. disease, leach toxic metals inwater
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aquatic ecosystem impacts of acid dep.
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decrease prod. in fish, forest, and farms...Below 4.5 pH, no fish.
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high in SO2 and soot
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industrial smog
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sudden runoff into lake/stream
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Acid shock
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symptoms assoc. with indoor pollutant: dizziness, headaches, coughing, sneezing, nausea, etc.
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Sick building syndrome...Cities worse than rural
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3 most dangerous according to EPA
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smoking, formaldehyde, radioactive radon-222 (U-238)
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fibrous silcate material
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asbestos
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diseases caused from asbestos
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asbestosis, lung cancer, mesothelioma
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NAAQS
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National Ambient air quality standards. primary- human health, secondary- preven env. damage.
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6 classes of pollutants
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carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, suspended particulate matter, ozone, lead
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Contibutors to pollution
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power plants (stationary) and cars (mobile)
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apresence of 1 or more chemicals in the atmosphere in sufficient quantities and duration to cause harm to humans
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air pollution
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emitted directly into troposphere in harmful form (sulfur dioxide)
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primary pollutant
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formed by reaction in the atmosphere (sulfuric acid)
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secondary pollutant
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any chemical, biological, or physical change in water quality that has a harmful effect on living orgainisms or makes water unsuitable for desired uses
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water pollutions
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number of colonies present in 100 mL sample of water
(drinking-0. swimming-200) |
coliform bacteria
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Dissolved oxygen
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higher the better (8-9 is best)
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amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic deomposers to break down the organic material in a certain volme of water over a 5 day incubation perios at 20 degrees C.
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BOD (biological oxygen demand)
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discharge pollutants at specigic locations through pipes, ditches, or sewers into bodies of surface waters
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point sources
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sources that cannot be traced back to any single site of discharge
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nonpoint sources
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major categoris of water pollutant states
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infectious agents, oxygen demanding wastes, inorganic chemicals, organic chemicals, plant nutrients, sediment, radioactive materials, heat
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Common diseases through contaminated water
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typhoid fever, cholera, bacterial dysentery, enteritios, hepatits, giardiasis, schistosomiasis
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organisms causing diseases in contam. water
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bacteria, viruses, parasitic protozoa, parasitic worms
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examples of pollutants
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sediment, inorganic fertilizers, manure, salts dissolved in irrigation water, and pesticides
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water with dissolved salt concentrations
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freshwater life zone
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zones
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littoral, limneic, profundal, benthic
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shallow sunlit waters near shore
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littoral zone
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open sunlit water surface layer away from shore
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limnetic zone
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deep open water; too deark for photosynth
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profundal zone
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bottom of the lake; cool temp. and low oxygen
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benthic zone
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condition in an aquatic ecosystem where high nutrient concentrations stimulate booms of algae
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eutrophication
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newly formed; small supply of plant nutrients; often deep; clear water, minimum bio. activity
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oligotrophic lake
(Lake Travis) |
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some bottom sediments; increases nutriends; more bio productivity
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mesotrophic lake
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bottom sediments; high nutrients; shallow; high prod. some species may be choked out
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eutrophic lake
(Lake Grapeving) |
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murky, highly prod, close to wetland status, clear water species at risk
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hypereutrophic lake
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acceleration due to human input of nutrients
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cutural eutropication
(nitrates and phosphates) |
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use of national forest system
(us forest service) |
logging, mining, livestock grazing, oil/gas, recreation, hunting
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use of NAtional Resource Lands
(Bureau of land management) |
energy mineral extraction, strategic mineral extraction, rangelands
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trees are maintained at about the same age and size...big industries, higher econ return, short rotations
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even aged management
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trees maintained at many ages and sizes to foster natural regeneration (small firm, long rotation)
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uneven aged management system
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negative impacts of harvesting trees
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increased erosion, habitat fragmentation, invasion by alien species
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intermediate/mature trees are cut singly or in small groups
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selective cutting...reduces overcrowding, promotes growth of younger trees, uneven aged
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removes mature trees in 2-3 cuttings over 10 years
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shelterwood cutting...allows natural seeding, keeps seedlings from being crowded out
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leaves behind only uniformly distributed seed producing trees
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seed-tree cutting...ausethtically pleasing forest, useful for recreation, hunting, erosion control
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removal of all trees from an area in a single cutting
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clear cutting....large forest openings, no recreational calue, reduced biodiversity
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