Env Sci Final

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poverty

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is a condition in which people cannot meet their basic needs for adequate food, clothing , shelter, education , or heath care.

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highly developed countries

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have complex industrialized based low rates of population growth and high per capita incomes

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moderately developed countries

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are developing countries with a medium level of industrialization and average per capita income lower than those of highly developed counties

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less developed countries ldc

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are developing countries with low levels of industrialization high fertility rates, high infant mortality rates, and very low per capita incomes

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people overpopulation

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the current problem in many developing nations is a situation in which there are more people in a given geographic area than that area can support

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consumption overpopulation

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which results form the consumptoin oriented lifestyles in highly developed countries occurs when each individual in a population consumes too large a share of resources

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describe the three most important factors that determine human impact on the environment

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one model of environmental impact (I) has three factors: the number of people (P) the affluences per person (A) which is a measure of the consumption or amount of resources used per person
I=P*A*T

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environmental sustainability

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is the ability to meet current human natural resource needs without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their needs i.

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sustainable development

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is ecomomic development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

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environmental science

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is the interdisciplinary study of humanity's relationship with other organisms and the non living physical environment.

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system

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is a set of components that interact and function as a whole

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ecosystem

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are organized into larger and larger systems that interact with one another.

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scientific method

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is a way a scientist approaches a problem by formulation a hypothesis and then testing it by means of an experiment

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hypothesis

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state the problem or unanswered question

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data

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analyze and interpret

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inductive reasoning

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begins with specific examples and seeks to draw a conclusion or discover a unifying rule on the basis of those examples

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deductive reasoning

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operates from generalities to specifics

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1st stage of environmental problem

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scientific assessment involves gathering information about a potential environmental proble

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2nd stage of environmental problem

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risk analysis evaluates the potential effects of intervention

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3rd stage of environmental problem

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public education and involvement occur when the results of scientific assessment and risk analysis are placed in the public arena

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4th stage of environmental problem

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political action is the implementation of a particular course of action by elected or appointed officials

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5th stage of environmental problem

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long- term evaluation monitors the effects of the action taken

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utilitarian conservationists

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is a person who values natural resources because of their usefulness for practical purposed but uses them sensibly and carefully

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biocentric preservationist

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is a person who believes in protection nature because all forms of life deserve respect and consideration

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national environmental policy act NEPA

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PASSED IN 1970 stated that the federal government must consider the environmental impact of a proposed federal action such as financing a highway

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environmental quality

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to monitor required environmental impact statements EIS and report directly to the president

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explain how environmental impact statements provide such powerful protection of the environment

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by requiring EIS that are open to public scrutiny, NEPA initiated serous environmental protection in the US. NEPA allows citizen suits in which private citizens take violators whether they are private industries or government owen facilities to court for non compliance

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explain why economists prefer efficient solution to environmental problems

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economists assume that individuals behave as rational actors who seek to maximize utility. groups of individuals behaving according to these assumptions result in economic efficiency, the greatest possible total societal benefit.

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describe command and control regulation incentive based regulation and cost effectiveness analysis

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comand and control regulation which are pollution control laws that require specific technologies. incentive based regulation are pollution control laws that work by establishing emission targets and providing industries with incentives to reduce emissions .

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cost effectiveness analysis

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is an economic tool used to estimate cost associated with achieving some goal such as saving a life