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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The study of disease rates in human populations w/ and w/o exposure to chemical under study |
Epidemiology |
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What studies the adverse responses in biological systems caused by physical or chemical agents ? |
Toxicology |
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What are the two basic functions of toxicology? |
1. Assess the likelihood of the occurrence of adverse effects 2. Study the nature & mechanisms of adverse effects |
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What is NOAEL? |
No Observed Adverse Effect Level The highest dose administered that does not produce a statistical significant increase in adverse effect |
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What is LOAEL? |
Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level The lowest dose tested which produces statistically significant increase in an adverse effect |
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What does LCA stand for? |
Life Cycle Assessment |
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Why is LCA important in alternative energy decisions? |
helps determine energy consumption and gas emission of each fuel |
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What are the 5 Phases of Life Cycle Assessment? |
1. Raw Material Acquisitions-> trees, log 2. Material Manufacture -> paper mill breaks down to pulp 3. Produce Manufacture ->form and stamp bags 4. Product Use -> use in grocery store 5. Product Disposal -> recycle or throw in trash |
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Each phase of the life cycle assessment uses ___, __, and______. |
Water, minerals and energy |
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LCA gives off ___, _______, and waste water. |
Air emissions, solid waste |
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How is public health influence by climate change? |
more asthma, more allergens, spread of vector born diseases, heat stress, coastal floods, water/food shortage,extinctions, violent weather |
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What is the current temp of earth and CO2 cap agreed by developed nations? |
Currently 1 degree Celsius Developed Countries suggest 2 degree Celsius as cap |
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What is the current CO2 concetration? |
~400 ppm |
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What was the CO2 concentration in pre-industrial times? |
~300ppm |
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What are the 3 greenhouse gases? |
CO2( carbon dioxide), methane ( CH4), Nitrous Oxide ( N2O) |
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What are greenhouse gases influence on climate change? |
greenhouse gases are transparent to incoming ( short wave) radiation from the sun, but block infrared ( long wave) radiation from leaving the earth's atmosphere. |
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" incoming solar radiation comes in through transmission window, outgoing energy is blocked" |
Greenhouse effect |
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How does mercury go through the environment? |
- mercury (hg) vapor ( from coal burning -bioacumilates in organisms ( fish take in mercury but do not let it out) -biomagnifies up the food chain- big fish eat little fish Hg is a nuerotoxin |
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True or False" Trophspeheric ozone layer is bad |
True |
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Why is stratospheric ozone good? |
natural ozone layer protects us from UV rays ( skin Cancer) |
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What causes stratospheric ozone to thin? |
CFC's (chlorofluorocarbons) aka Freon |
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When were CFC's banned? |
1987 |
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___ is the skin cancer capital of the world, rising to 50% in 10 years. |
Australia |
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" Greatest public health threat humanity ever faced" |
Climate Change |
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What are the pros of nuclear energy? |
no emissions no greenhouse gas emission ( no climate change) |
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What are the cons of nuclear energy? |
nuclear waste nuclear meltdown of facility increase in fatalities |
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How is water used in a nuclear plant? |
Water is boiled and steamed Steam turns a turbine which then turns a generator cooling systems are required to cool the back to water |
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How much of US energy is fossil fuels? |
83% |
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When did global oil peak? |
1962 |
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How many barrels of oil does US consume in a day? |
20 million barrels/day |
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What are the pros of solar energy? |
more solar energy than we need for electricity -abundance of solar energy is almost unlimited -huge price drop in solar energy |
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What are the cons of solar energy? |
environmental issues can kill solar projects if water use is to high or endangered species - requires lots of land usage |
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Solar energy works best if ___,______, and ______. |
high solar source, high electricity cost, and state incentives |
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How is petroleum used? |
For transportation ( nearly 100% is dependent on oil) |
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What are the 4 steps of Risk Assessment? |
1. Hazard Identification - What adverse effect? 2. Dose-response evaluation- how much does it take for adverse effect? 3. Exposure Assessment- How much do ppl take in? 4. Risk Characterizations- estimate the magnitude of risk and uncertainty |
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Describe chemical absorption: |
agent must cross cellular barriers |
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What are 3 examples of chemical absorption? |
Dermal (skin) GI tract ( ingestion) inhalation ( lungs) |
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Describe distribution: |
compound partitions to various body compartments |
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Examples of distribution: |
-blood and plasma -specific organs -fat -other tissues ( bones etc.)
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describe elimination: |
agent leaves the body |
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examples of elimination: |
-lung (exhalation) -kidney ( irine) -liver ( feces) others ( nails, hair, sweat) |