Env. Health Test 1

Front 1

goal # 8 healthy people 2010:

Back 1

-promote health for all through a healthy environment

objectives include:

1) outdoor air quality

2) water quality

3) toxic waste

4) healthy homes and healthy communities

5) infrastructure and surveillance

6) globalenv. health

Front 2

who wrote the three "p"s?

Back 2

warren winkelstein

Front 3

what are the three "p"s?

Back 3

-population: concern of the carrying capacity

-poverty: linked to population growth

- pollution: from combustion of fossil fuels and can cause global warming

Front 4

environmental health threats:

Back 4

- trash that fouls our beaches

- hazardous waste leaching from disposal sites

- air pollution in some areas

- exposure to toxic chemicals

- destruction of land through deforestation

Front 5

what is a big concern of pollution and global warming?

Back 5

because in certain places if the temperature changes it allows for an increased threat of some diseases (mosqitous as and ex)

Front 6

examples of consequences from overcrowding:

Back 6

1) avain influenza A (H5N1)= outbreaks on poultry farms in Asia/ concern that the disease was enabling human-to-human transmission

2) swine flu= spread through northamerica to other parts of the globe

Front 7

what % of the world's death is caused by environmental factors?

Back 7

40%

Front 8

hazardous agents that accounts for many of the environmental morbidity and mortality?

Back 8

- microbes

- toxic chemicals and metals

- pesticides

- ionizing radiation

Front 9

vunerable subgroups of population:

Back 9

-elderly

- persons with chronic diseases

- pregnant women

- and children

Front 10

environmental health regarding the developing world:

Back 10

- the developing world suffers more from env. factors

- dont have good access to health care

- asia has suffered from deforestation because of increasing population

Front 11

environmental risk transition:

Back 11

changes in environmental risks (problems) that happen as a result of economic development in the less developed regions of the world

Front 12

before the transition occurs there is poor quality of:

Back 12

food, air, or water

Front 13

examples of environmental risk transition include:

Back 13

acid rain precursors, ozone- depleating chemicals, green house gases

Front 14

population growth is a result of:

Back 14

increase in fertility and migration and decrease in mortality

Front 15

population growth results in:

Back 15

overwhelming of resources and periodic food scarcity as well as famine

Front 16

population dynamics:

Back 16

refers to the ever-changing relationship amoung the set of variables that influence the demographic make-up of populations along with variables that influence the growth and decline of population sizes

Front 17

total fertility rate:

Back 17

hyoithetical estimate of completed fertility and indicates how many births a woman would have by the end of her reproductive life

Front 18

U.S. fertilitay rates:

Back 18

2.0-2.1 births per woman

(baby boom era was around 3.5)

Front 19

asain, latinamerican, african countries fertility rates:

Back 19

4 births per woman

Front 20

epidemiologic transition:

Back 20

describes a shift in the pattern of morbidity and mortality

- Causes related primarily to infectious and communicable diseases to causes associated with chronic, degenerative diseases

(when there is an increase in the ppulation we tend to see and outbreak of deadly disease... population control per earth)

Front 21

consequences of population increases:

Back 21

-urbanization

- overtaxing carrying capacity

- food insecurity

- loss of biodiversity

Front 22

urbanization:

Back 22

worldwide, the proportion or urban residents has increased from about 5% in 1800 to 50% in 2000 and is expected to reach about 66% by 2030

Front 23

factors that lead to urbanization:

Back 23

- industrialization

- food availability

- employment opportunities

- lifestyle considerations

- escape from political conflict

Front 24

three stages of demographic transition:

Back 24

1) population is mostly young and population stays small, plenty of people dying

2) mortality decreases and fertility continues to increase, not as many people dying

3) fertility rates decrease and causes more even distribution

Front 25

mortality rates have _____________ overtime in both industriablized and developed countries

Back 25

decreased

Front 26

declining mortality in developed world began about _________ years ago and it began about _______ years ago in developing countries

Back 26

200 years, and 50 years

Front 27

in 2005 the 3 leading countries for receiving immigrants were:

Back 27

U.S., russia, and germany

Front 28

carrying capacity:

Back 28

the population that an area will support without undergoing environmental deterioration

Front 29

what tends to keep to keep animal populations in check?

Back 29

food availablilty, reproductive behavior, and infectious diseases tend to keep animal populations in check

Front 30

population crash:

Back 30

if components of the human life support the system are disrupted by overpopulation of the planet, the species Homo sapiens could suffer a population crash

Front 31

demographic transition:

Back 31

is the alternation over time in a populations fertility, mortality, and makeup

(not including migration or sex compisition)

Front 32

environemt:

Back 32

refers to the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors (as climate, soil, and living things) that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival

Front 33

megacity:

Back 33

denotes an urbanized area that has 10 million or more inhabitants

- beginnig of the 21st century there were 24 megacities that contained over 4% of the world's population

Front 34

the ecological model:

Back 34

proposes that the determinants of health interact and are interlinked over the life course of individuals

Front 35

ecosystem:

Back 35

a dynamic complex of plant, animal, and microorganism communities and the nonliving environment interacting as a functional unit

Front 36

environmental health:

Back 36

addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to the person, and all the related factors impacting behaviors

- aims to prevent disease

Front 37

hippocrates:

Back 37

emphasized the role of the environment as an influence on people's health and health status in his work titled On Airs, Waters, and Places

-"father of medicine"

- discovered the toxic properties of lead

Front 38

evironmetnal epidemiology:

Back 38

- the depiction of the occurrence of disease in populations

variables: person, place, and time

Front 39

analytic epidemiology:

Back 39

examines the association between exposures and health conditions

Front 40

point prevalence:

Back 40

all cases of death from disease/condition at a particular point in time within the population

- # of people who are ill/ total number in a group = at a point in time

Front 41

incidence rate:

Back 41

rate formed by dividing number of new cases by individuals in population at risk over a period of time

- # of new cases/ total PAR = over a time period

x multiplier

Front 42

case fatality rate:

Back 42

number of deaths due to a specific disease divided by number of cases of disease in the same time x100

- number of deaths due to disease "X"/ number of cases of disease "X" = 100 during a time period

- A MEASURE OF LETHALITY OF A DISEASE

Front 43

Who was the first to describe an environental cause of cancer?

Back 43

- Sir Percival Pott

- chimney sweepers act of 1788= passed to stop child labor

Front 44

John Snow:

Back 44

his methodology for investigating the cholera outbreak of 1849 was known as a natural experiment

Front 45

a central concern of environmental epi. is to be able to:

Back 45

assert that a causal assocation exists between an agent factor and a disease in the disease in the host

Front 46

Hills criteria of causality:

Back 46

- strength

- consistency

- specificity

- termporality

- biological gradient

- plausibility

- coherence

Front 47

case series study:

Back 47

pts who share a disease in common is gathered over time

Front 48

ecologic study:

Back 48

a study in which the units of analysis are populations or groups of people (not individuals)

Front 49

cross-sectional study:

Back 49

examines relationship between diseases as they exist in defined populations (at a specific time)

(relationship between disease and population)

Front 50

case-control study:

Back 50

-cases have disease

-controls do not

> compare/contrast

ex: group of women who have disease and a group that doesnt

Front 51

odds ratio:

Back 51

measure of association between exposure and outcome

- only in case control studies

Front 52

cohort study:

Back 52

classifies subjects according to exposure to a factor of interest and then observes them over time

-document new cases

Front 53

relative risk:

Back 53

ratio of the incidence rate of a disease/ outcome in an exposed group to the incidence rate in a non-exposed group

- only in cohort studies

Front 54

toxicants have the ability to:

Back 54

cause harm to organs or biochemical processes in areas beyond the site of exposure to the body

Front 55

poisons cause illness or death at a very _______ dose:

Back 55

low

Front 56

acute toxicity:

Back 56

to a chemical's ability to cause harm as a result of one-time exposure to a relatively large amount

Front 57

chronic toxicity:

Back 57

refers to a chemicals ability to impair health when repeated low-dose exposure occurs over a long period of time

Front 58

health risk assessment:

Back 58

1) hazard identification

2) dose- response assessement

3) exposureassessement

4) risk characterization

Front 59

polychlorinated biphenyls:

Back 59

-PCBS

- most widespread chemical contaminant known

> discharged from factories into waterways

> vaporization from paints or landfills or burning of PCB- containing material makes chemical airborne; re-enters ecosystem with precipitation

> leaks from industrial equipment

> there are lots of illegal dumping due to high costs of legally disposing of PCB wastes

Front 60

PCB threat to health:

Back 60

- lab testing shows toxicity even at low concentrations to several species tested

> chloracne: skin disorder

> endocrine disruptor

Front 61

Diocin:

Back 61

- TCDD

>formed as contaminant by-product in production of herbicides such as "agent orange", used to clear jungle vegetation during Vietnam war

Front 62

health risk from diocin:

Back 62

- parkinson's disease

- ischemic heart disease

- hairy- cell leukemia

- chloracne skin disorder

- carcinogenic in most species at high levels of exposure

- suppression of immune system

Front 63

Who had TCDD poisoning?

Back 63

former ukrainian president Victor Yushchenko

Front 64

Asbestos:

Back 64

- has probably caused more deaths and disabling diseases than any other hazardous substance

- a group of six fibrous silicate minerals found almost worldwide

- utilized to reinforce clay and cloth since the stone age

- fireproof

- 85% of asbestos used today is incorporated into asbestos-cement construction materials

- some inhaled fibers lodge in air passages and cells within lungs

Front 65

What town has emerged as the deadliest Superfund site in the U.S. history due to decades of contamination with asbestos fibers from nearly vermiculite mine?

Back 65

Libby, Montana

Front 66

Asbestos-related disease:

Back 66

- asbestosis: scarring of lung tissue

- lung cancer: leading cause of asbestos related mortality

- mesothelioma: cancer of lung or stomach lining, asbestos is only known cause, fatal within 2 years of diagnosis

Front 67

Asbestos related lung cancer exposure increase:

Back 67

increases risk 7 times; and is increased 60 times when smoking is involved.

Front 68

Lead:

Back 68

-impairs brain function

- hyperirritability

- poor memory

- sluggishness

-higher levels cause mental retardation

- epileptic convulsions

- coma and death

Front 69

What is the most notable source of lead problems?

Back 69

house paint

Front 70

what percent of lead ingested by preschoolers remains in their body?

and adults?

Back 70

40%

10%

Front 71

lead interfers with _______ and can cause ____________:

Back 71

blood cell formation and kidney disease

Front 72

inorganice metallic mercury attacks:

Back 72

the liver and kidneys and is diffuses through lungs to brain

Front 73

Mad Hatters' Disease:

Back 73

caused by mercury and causes tremors and mental aberrations

Front 74

organic mercury compounds (like methyl mercury) :

Back 74

diffuses into brain and destroy cells that control coordination

- causes numbness in lips, tongue, and fingertips

- slurred speech, difficulty swallowing and walking, deafness and vision problems, victim loses contact with surroundings

Front 75

s-curve:

Back 75

birth and death rates almost the same so you arnt testing carrying capacity (more desirable)

Front 76

j-curve:

Back 76

population crash/too much stress on the environment and human body

Front 77

homeostatic controls:

Back 77

behavioral, physiological, and social responses that control size within a population

Front 78

stress-related responses become apparent when:

Back 78

optimal density of population is exceeded

Front 79

responses observed in rats:

Back 79

- social interactions become pathological

- fighting intensifies

- individual males become hyperactive and hypersexual

- pregnant females frequently abort

- young are killed by mother or neglected to death

Front 80

intensice efforts after __________ to improve living standards and ensure that:

Back 80

-ww2

- national stability are being nullified by rapid population growth

Front 81

doubling time:

Back 81

the time required for a pop. to double its size

Front 82

birth rates:

Back 82

the number of babies born per 1,000 people per year.

-tech. advanced countries are generally characterized by low birth rates

Front 83

death rates:

Back 83

the annual number of deaths per 1,000 population

- rates do not reflect wide variations in age distribution within populations

Front 84

total fertility rate (TFR) :

Back 84

the average number of children each woman within the pop. is likely to bear during her reproductive lifetime

Front 85

growth rate:

Back 85

rate of natural increase. death rate subtracted from birth rate expressed as a percentage

Front 86

What area of the world do the most cases of HIV come from?

Back 86

- sub-saharanafrica

- 23 million outo f the 33.4 million

- why? because populations are clustered, lack of resources, and lack of education

Front 87

what kind of curve do you see when a lot of people are suffering from a disease like HIV?

Back 87

it turns from a J- curve to a S- curve

Front 88

Which country has reached a growth equilibrium?

Back 88

europe, 0.0% growth rate

Front 89

What is north america's growth rate?

Back 89

.6%, will take a while to double

Front 90

urban populations:

Back 90

continuning to increase in population because of jobs and life style choices

Front 91

rural populations:

Back 91

not as many people moving to rural areas because there arnt as many jobs

Front 92

top 4 most populated cities in the world:

Back 92

1) tokyo

2) dehli

3) mumbai (bombay)

4) Sao Paulo

Front 93

factors that lead to urbanization:

Back 93

-industrialization

-food availability

-employment opportunities

- lifestyle considerations

- escape from political conflict

Front 94

ecosystem:

Back 94

one of the import dimensions of life in the biosphere

- dynamic complex of of plant, animal, and microorganism communities and the nonliving environment interacting as a functional unit

Front 95

survival of the human population depends on:

Back 95

the ecosystem

Front 96

environment:

Back 96

the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors that act upon an organism or ecoligocial community and determines its form and survival

-factors that are external to an individual

Front 97

social environment:

Back 97

encompasses influences upon the individuals that arise from societal and cultural factors

Front 98

major determinants of health:

Back 98

physical and social environment, personal lifestyle, consitutional factors such as heredity and human biology, and methods for organization of heath care

Front 99

ecological model:

Back 99

a model that describes the proses that the determinants of health (environmental, biological, and behavioral) interact and are interlinked over the life course of individuals

Front 100

Lemuel Shattuck:

Back 100

- 1850 Report on the Sanitary Conditions of Massachuetts

- argued for the creation of a state health department and local health bored

- report dealt with the topic of environmental sanitation and its connection with health

- his proposed recommendations did not go through but were very innovative and was a major influence in the public health department

Front 101

descriptive epidimiology:

Back 101

refers to the depiction of the occurrence of disease in populations according to the classification by person, place, and time variables

Front 102

analytic epidemiology:

Back 102

examines casual hypothesis regarding the association between exposures and health conditions

Front 103

population at risk:

Back 103

members of the population who are capable of developing the disease or condition being studied

Front 104

Sir Percival Pott:

Back 104

- thought to be the first person to describe and environmental cause of cancer

Front 105

John Snow:

Back 105

-englishanthesiologist who linked a chlorea outbreak in london to contaminated water from the Thames River

- was known as a "natural experiment"

Front 106

red tide:

Back 106

a massive "bloom" of microorganisms that are naturally found in the gulf cost waters (FL and TX)

- kareniabrevis

Front 107

what does redtide produce?

Back 107

brevetoxin

Front 108

conditions that encourage growth of redtide?

Back 108

-nutrients

- salinity

- temperature