Env 100

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Habitable Earth

Back 1

Only one, right distance from the sun, right size, right temp. range 10-20c, remarkable mechanism

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Molten Core

Back 2

able to have conductive current for recycling of matter and energy

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Atmosphere

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oxygen- essential for respiration
stable despite solar energy
ozone-reflective of short-wave radiation at ultra violet level

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Sustanibility

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adapting to enviornment and eachother to enhance living quality

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Biodiversity

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The variety of life forms commonly expressed as the # of species in an area. Estimated to be 4-100 million species 1.4 million identified

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How did Earth occur?

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Chemical evolution & biological evolution (Big Bang)

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Chemical evolution

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Stnley miller ecperiments 1950's simple chemical compounds can create copies of themselves if the environment has the necessary elements. They reproduce slightley different variations (mutations) + eventually produce protocells

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Biological evolution

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the change in inherited characteristics of a population from generation to generation

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Microevolution

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the evolution at small scale=individual species

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Macroevolution

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Evelution at a grand scale/ a group of species

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Causes of Biological evolution

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Competion for resources, differences in adaptation to the enviornment, and the motavation is a better chance of survival

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Processes of biological evolution

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mutation, natural selection, migration, and genetic drift

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mutation

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a change in genetic transfer. Which are random changes in the structure of DNA triggred by enviornmental change; adaptation, migration and extinction

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natural selection

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an external change in the enviornment causes the change; genetic variability, adaptive trait, differental reproduction

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migration

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geographic isolation and lose of geographic isolation.

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genetic drift

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change in genes by chance

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genetic variability

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diversity & not always favorable for enviornment

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Adaptive trait

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haritable & must be favorable to be passed on genetically

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Differental reproduction

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traits that are passed on because they suit the enviornment

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Biodiversity

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Genetic diversity-total # of genetic characteristics of a specific species.
Habitate diversity-the different kinds of habitats in a given unit area
species diversity

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species diversity

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species richness= # of species in an area
Species evenness= there's variety in animals but an eveness in #
species dominance= the most abundance species in an area

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species coexistence

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Niche, competitive exclusion principle (Gause's Law), species that require the same resources may have different niche, interaction among species.

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Niche

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A profession in the ecological community, Inextricably linked with habitat

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Competitive exclusion principle (Gause's Law)

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Species that have exactly the same riquirments(resources & habitat) cannot coexist in exacly the same habitat.

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Interaction among species

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competition, sybosis, coevolution

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competition

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Fundamental niche- basic area occupied in habitat with out compimising another species
realized niche- the actual area occupied by a species (the range of habitat in the face of compltition with another species)

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Symbiosis

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The relationship between two organisms that is beneficial to both and inhances each organisms chances of living.
Obligate symbiosis- we need eachother in survival

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Coevolution

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change in gene pool in one species lead to change in gene pool of another
Biological arm race: predation and paracitisium

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Factors of Biodiversity

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impact, environmental factors, human factors

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enviornmental factors

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climate, latitude, elevation, slope, and aspect

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human factors

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pollution, disturbance in habitat, inturuption of the ecosystem, over exploitation, and genetic engeneering

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Gone with the Wind

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"In July 2000 alone nearly 8 million tons of dust from Africas Sahara dessert reached as far west as puerto rico"

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The effect of Wind dust

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Iron and phosphate rich particles create more photoplankton and algal bloom (red tide)
Harmful material- air pollution in loss of coral reefs

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Uneven heat

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most is in the tropic least in the polars intermediate in the mid lattitudes

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Global Air Patterns

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Uneven heat tilting in seasonality rotation in the coriolis force and the interation of air, water and land

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tilting

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the tilt of the earth on its axis is what causes seasons

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rotation

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the Coriolis force is the deflection of the wind pattern due to the earths rotation so it's right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere

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interaction of air, water and land

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The rain shadow effect- the windward side of the mountain facing the ocean has a wet cool climate the leeward side has hot dry and mostly deserts

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Biogeography

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The science that deals with patterns of species distrubution and the processes that result in such patterns.

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Taxa

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Categories that identify groups of living organisims based upon similarities of characteristics

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Hierarchy

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species, genus, family, order, class, phylium/division, kingdom, domain

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Biom

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A type of ecosystem with similar climate providing similar oppurtunities for life and similar constraints. Organisims evolve in similar form and function.

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Convergent evolution

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Species evolve in different places and times share genetic haritage. Develop similar forms and structures as a result to the adaptation to similar enviornments.

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Divergent evolution

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The process of two or more related species becoming more and more dissimilar. (the kit fox and red fox)

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Island biogeography

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attempt to explain the biodiversity in a geographicly isolated area.

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The human factors of Island biogeography

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Direct impact/spatial distribution of a species and caution when introducing new species to a biom or biotic provinance

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Rules in biogeography (factor)

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less harmful if the move is within same biotic process. More harmful if the move is to the same biom but in a different biotic process.
Local moves are less harmful than global moves.

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climate factor

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vegetation higly corrilated with climate. The higher the temp. the lower the diversity.

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Earths major Biomes

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Tundra, Boreal forest, temprate decidouos, temperate rainforest, temperate woodlands, temperate shrublands, temperate grass lands, tropical rainforest,tropical seasonal forests & savahnas, deserts, wetlands, fresh water, intertidal areas, open ocean, bethos, upwellings, hydrothermal vents

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Tundra

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treeless plains, harsh climates, low rainfall, low average temp., permafrost. Arctic and alpine tundra

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Boreal forest

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forest of cold climates high lattitude and high altitude, dominate life forms, moose other large mammels, flowering plants and trees

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Temperate deciduous forest

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Warmer climates then boreal forest, temperate rainforest, moderate temp. 250 + cm. of rain a year.

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Temperate woodlands

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slightly drier climates than deciduous forest. Fire common, species adapt to it. Similar to temperate woodlands but even drier climate.

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Temperate grasslands

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Include many north american praries

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tropical rainforests

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high average temp. and rainfall, most abundunt in biodiversity

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desert

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driest region, with high diuranl (day time) range of temp. only special species can survive. 5-20 in of rainfall a year.

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wetlands

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most standing water freshwater swamps, marshes, and bogs.

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Freshwater

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all moving, domintated by photoplankton

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intertidal areas

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areas exposed to alternate pattern of low and high tide.

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open ocean

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chemical desert, with low nitrogen and phosphorous content. pelagic region.

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bathos

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ocean floor under the open ocean little or no photosynthesis, primary import of food dead organic matter falling from above.

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upwelling

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upward flows of ocean water, stern nutrients and aquatic species bringing them to the surface

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hydrothermal vents

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occur in the deep ocean, where plate tectonics processes create vents and they are small outlets of hot steam or magma exscping into the ocean life forms do exist through chemo synthesis.