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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When is qualitative research appropriate? (4) |
1. Problems that require some exploration and have no clear answers. 2. Puzzling or conflicting observations of reality. 3. Developing new areas of conceptualization. 4. Explorative questions: Why? How? When? |
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What are types of qualitative research designs? |
1. Narrative(-biographic) study 2. Phenomenological study 3. Grounded theory 4. Ethnographic study 5. Case study |
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What is the result of a narrative and ethnographic study? |
A portrait |
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What are the possible methods of qualitative research? (4) |
1. Interviews > Structured > Semi-structured > Unstructured 2. Observation (participant; non-participant) 3. Focus groups 4. Artefacts > Documents, text, historical texts, art, etc |
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What are the characteristics of grounded theory research? (3) |
• Systematic strategy for doing research • Explicit procedures for the analysis of qualitative data • Particularly useful for nascent theory building |
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What are problems of grounded theory research? (3) |
• Not possible to start without some pre-existing theoretical ideas and assumptions. • Tensions between evolving and inductive style of a flexible study and systematic grounded theory approach. • Difficult to decide when categories are ‘saturated’ or when the theory is sufficiently developed. |
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What are threats of flexible designs? (6) |
• External validity • Rigor of data collection (quality) and interpretation • Selection/sampling biases • Retrospection • Reliability of measurement (interpretation) • Heroism (of interviewees); negative things hardly traceable |
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How can one strengthen the validity of a qualitative research? (9) |
• Providing an accurate and complete description • Being prepared to modify your interpretation • Considering alternative explanations • Actively seeking data which do not fit in with your explanation • Using reflexivity to identify possible bias • Triangulation • Peer debriefing and support • Member checking • Providing an audit trail (chain of evidence) |
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What is the main aim of a qualifying account? |
Making a researcher’s assumptions explicit so another researcher could clearly understand the origins and logic of investigation. |
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What are the fundamental validity criteria of a qualitative methodology? (4) |
- Truth value (Internal validity) - Applicability (External validity) - Consistency (Reliability) - Neutrality (Objectivity) |
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What factors should one consider when accounting for substance? (8) |
- The context: history, physical setting, environment - Participants/ key individuals - Division of labor, hierarchies - Routines and variations - Member’s perspectives, meanings - Social rules, basic social patterns - Schedules, temporal order - Activities |
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What factors should one consider when accounting for themselves? (9) |
- Approach and self presentation - Trust and rapport - The researcher’s role - Mistakes, misconceptions, surprises - Types and varieties of data - Data collection and recording - Data coding and organization - Data demonstration and analytic use - Narrative report |
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Know the difference between the 'eisenhardt' and 'goia' method |
See lecture slides week to nr 27 and 28 |
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What are process research steps? (6) |
1. Develop process concepts 2. Defining incidents and events 3. Specifying an incident 4. Measuring an incident 5. Identifying events 6. Developing process theory |
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What are common pitfalls when doing interviews? (9) |
- Inappropriate design of the interview guide: - Broad, open start (e.g., Can you tell about your own background) - Always start each topic with open questions - Try to reconstruct the history/story, get dates, events, names, etc. - Superficial questions and satisfied with superficial answers (need for follow up questions) - Lack of logic in the interview (follow the interviewee’s story) - Using ‘jargon’ or theoretical terms - Indicator of a superficial interview: if it is 30 minutes… - Leading questions |
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What is the problem of qualitative data and analysis? |
It's an iterative (repetitious) process |
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What is coding? (3) |
- Attach a label to a fragment of text or video - Categorization / grouping of meaning - A form of content analysis |
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What are the two main questions with coding? |
> what are the interviewees talking about? > how are they are talking about it? |
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What are the two main purposes of coding? |
1. Systematic organisation of the empirical material 2. The FIRST step of analysis - dominant themes and patterns become visible |
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What are the two forms of open coding? |
1. Open coding – creating categories as you go along and continuously refining them. 2. Closed coding – categories are pre-defined and more or less fixed. |
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What is the typical buildup of the method section? (5) |
1. Approach 2. Setting (including case/industry background) 3. Data selection (sampling, give information of informants ina table) 4. Data collection (explain interview protocol etc) 5. Data analysis (explain coding procedure and write-up), include table with coding scheme: code, definition and example) |
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What is the typical buildup of the discussion/conclusion section? (4) |
1. Summary of main findings in relation to RQ 2. Theoretical implications: Contributions to the literature, confirming, extending, and disconfirming. 3. Practical implications 4. Limitations and future research |
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What is operationalization? |
Operationalization concerns the "translation" of theoretical concepts into measured empirical variables |
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On what three units of analysis can one operationalize? |
- the individual level - the new emergent venture level - regional/ national level |
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How does one differentiate personal characteristics on the individual level? |
Between distal (e.g., personality) and proximal (e.g., goals, intentions, interests) |
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What is important on the individual level? |
What is the mechanism linking the characteristics to the outcome or more outcomes? |
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What are the 5 concepts to be operationalized on the new emergent venture level? |
- resources - venture ideas and opportunities - external environment - behavior - outcomes |
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Where should one look at when operationalizing resources? (5) |
- financial capital - physical capital - human capital (knowledge, commitment, alertness, etc) - social capital - organizational capital |
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Where should one look at when operationalizing venture ideas and opportunities? |
move beyond the ‘sheer number’ and into the black box |
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Where should one look at when operationalizing the environment? (3) |
hostility, dynamism, heterogeneity |
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Where should one look at when operationalizing behavior? |
gestures, development of venture idea (gestation) |
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Where should one look at when operationalizing outcomes? |
direct or distant outcomes, only ‘bottom-line’ outcomes?, absolute performance? |
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What are important issues on the regional/national level? (3) |
1. Different connotation of key entrepreneurship term (e.g., venture, entrepreneur etc.) 2. Tax regimes and regulations create differences in what a firm is: need to measure what is in the firm 3. Who is representing the country/region? |
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What is secondary data? |
Secondary data is information or data that has already been collected and recorded by someone else, usually for other purposes |
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What are two advantages of secondary data? |
- It saves time and money - the data are often of high quality |
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What are two disadvantages of secondary data? |
- The data was not collected for the specific research problem - the accessibility of data is often problematic |
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What are the five steps of the data mining process? |
1. sample 2. explore 3. modify 4. model 5. assess |
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What is a case study? |
an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident and in which multiple sources of evidence are used. |
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What are three sources of evidence in case research? |
1. Interviews 2. Documents and archives 3. Observation |
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What are the two main objectives of a semi-structured interview? |
- the researcher wants to know the perspective of the interviewee on the issue - they also want to know whether the informant can confirm insights and information the researcher already holds |
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What is a general shortcoming of documents? |
they appear to be objective and truthful; however, most documents are written with a specific purpose in mind and addressed to a specific audience. |
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What are two general types of observation? |
- Direct observation - Participant observation |
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What kind of questions exist? (9) |
1. introductory questions 2. followup questions 3. probing questions 4. specifying questions 5. direct question 6. Indirect questions 7. structuring questions 8. Silence 9. Interpreting questions |
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What are three advantages of a focus group? |
- enables researcher to observe interaction - helps detecting different views on topic - cost and time efficient approach |
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What are three disadvantages of focus groups? |
- requires a well trained moderator - individuals might dominate the group - respondents might be reluctant to speak up or remain in their role |
