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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Basic definition of an insect. 6 part question
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1. external skeleton
2. 3 distinct body regions 3. 3 pairs legs on 3 thoracic segments 4. 1 pair sensory antennae 5. (usually in adult) 1 pair compound eyes 6. (usually in adult) 1 or 2 pair of wings |
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Contributions of insects to community structure (2)
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1. Nutrient cycling
2. Vegetation structure (phytophagy, pollination, seed dispersal) |
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Contributions of insects to population dynamics (2)
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1. Predator and parasites
2. Disease transmission |
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Contributions of insects to food webs (1)
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Food for other animals
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Negative influences of arthropods (3)
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1. Agriculture: competition for food and fiber
2. Domestic: damage to property and goods 3. Medicine: parasites and disease |
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Positive influences of arthropods (6)
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1. Agriculture: biocontrol, pollination
2. Medicine: antibiotics, chronic disease treatment, maggot debridement 3. Commerce: products, cochineal (red dye), silk, wax, honey 4. Science: idea subjects for experimentation, genetics (Drosophila), ecology, physiology 5. Aesthetics: art and inspiration 6. Food: nutrition, environmental, economic soundness |
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What fraction of species on earth is comprised of insects?
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5/6
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Possible reasons for diversity of insects (9-first 4 most important)
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1. Relative size (more niches)
2. Short generation (rapid evolution) 3. Holometabolism (specialization) 4. Powered flight 5. Sensory and motor neuron sophistication 6. Preadapted for coevolution with other organisms 7. Geologic age 8. Sexual selection 9. Phytophagy |
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3 major approaches to taxonomy
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1. Phenetics
2. Cladistics 3. Evolutionary systematics |
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Did angiosperms lead to more diversity at family or species level?
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Species
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Where do you find the best preserved insect fossils?
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Amber
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Insect fundamental segment number (huh?)
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3, 6, 11
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Name these head parts.
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1. Antenna
2. Labrum 3. Mandible 4. Maxilla 5. Labium |
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What is the thorax? (4)
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1. Rigid, boxlike
2. Musculated 3. Locomotory sensor 4. Aids in respiration in some advanced species |
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Name these leg parts.
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1. Tarsus
2. Tibia 3. Femur 4. Trochanter 5. Coxa 6. Trochantin |
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Name morphological feature having to do with motor function found in honey bees and other advanced insects.
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Dual function toe: stick and grab
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What is the tentorium?
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Secondary, localized, internal brace and scaffolding in some species; internal framework for muscle attachment
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Name six functions of cuticle.
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1. Water retention
2. Base for sensory organs 3. Attachment/anchor for muscles 4. Contains internal organs 5. Color and texture display 6. Physical protection |
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Name four types of cuticular extensions.
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1. Spine
2. Seta (trichoid sensillum) --hair 3. Acanthae--unicellular 4. Microtrichia--subsellular |
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Name the three layers of integument from outside to inside.
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1. Epicuticle
2. Procuticle 3. Epidermis |
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Name the four qualities of chitin.
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1. Strength
2. Flexibility 3. Resilience 4. Light-weight |
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Name the 3 sources of color in insects.
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1. Incidental (internal organs, haemolymph, transparent cuticle)
2. Pigments (sequestered from plants, microbial endosymbionts) 3. Physical (cuticular surface quality, scattering) |
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Tenural/Callow State
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Condition of a newly eclosed adult insect, which is unsclerotized and unpigmented.
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How do we know that insect wings only derived once?
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Identical venation pattern
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What defines the Endopterygota?
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Holometaboly and highly advanced wings
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What defines the Pterygota?
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Wings
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What defines the Neoptera?
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Modern wings
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Lessons from Burgess Shale (3)--kind of obscure
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-Ancient diversity
-Later diversity at species level -Much of evolution is chance. |
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What is a tick?
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A blood-feeding mite.
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Which 3 primitive hexapod orders are not insects?
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1. Collembola
2. Protura 3. Diplura |
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Unique morphological features of Collembola (2)
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1. Ventral tube or Collophore (sucker tube)
2. Furcula (springing organ) |
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Importance of Collembola (4)
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1. 9 thousand species
2. Decomposers 3. Food web 4. Agricultural pests |
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Muscle: striated, smooth, or both?
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Striated
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Major types of muscle? (2)
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Synchronous and Asynchronous
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Fibril
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Basic muscle unit
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Typical ennervation of insect muscle:
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Slow and fast axons in parallel
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Name the 3 types of larval movement.
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1. Sinuous motion: lateral muscular waves
2. Undulatory movement: anterior + posterior waves (caterpillar) 3. Whip-like: posterior + interior waves, used with turor muscles (inchworms) |
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Name the 4 types of movement in adult insects.
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1. Walking
2. Jumping 3. Swimming 4. Flying |
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Main power source for jumping:
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Energy stored in cuticle.
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Chevrons
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Muscle attachments to cuticle
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Name the 4 important facts concerning the circulatory system.
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1. Haemolymph
2. Generalized, not pressurized 3. Does not distribute oxygen 4. Aorta is dorsal |
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Trehalose
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Energy rich disaccharide characteristic of insects
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What are the 8 functions of haemolymph?
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1. Chemical exchange
2. Nutrient distribution 3. Waste removal 4. Hormone transport 5. Pressure changes 6. Thermoregulation 7. H2O reserve 8. Defense |
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Name the 6 defense functions of haemolymph.
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1. Phagocytosis (1 cell digest another)
2. Encapsulation 3. Coagulation 4. Antibacterial protein reactions 5. Immune response signaling 6. Noxious/toxic compound reservoir and delivery |
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3 main points about tracheal system.
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1. Oxygenation of tissues accomplished mostly by passive diffusion
2. Basic structure: spiracles--> tracheal system--> tracheoles 3. Insect size partially determined by limits to diffusion and tracheal system |
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3 points about spiracles
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1. Interface with environment
2. Beginning of diffusion gradient 3. Generally one per segment |
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4 points about tracheoles
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1. Microscopic blind end
2. Liquid filled 3. Proliferate and may penetrate tissue 4. Most numerous at highly active tissue |
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Limits of tracheal system (2)
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1. Diffusion only works over thin layers of tissue
2. Increased requirement for tracheation with increased size |
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Insect size is limited by:
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Air supply
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Why do smaller insects have reduced trachea?
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They can breath through their cuticle.
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How is air-flow facilitated in tracheal system. (2)
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1. Thoracic/abdominal pumping
2. Tracheal contracting |
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How is water-flow controlled in the tracheal system? (3)
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1. Spiracular valves
2. Water-conserving matrices/filters 3. Atrial chambers |
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What are air sacs and why are they important?
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1. Adaptations for more effective air-supply during flight.
2. Expansion of lateral tracheal trunks |
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Physical gill
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Adaptation for respiration in aquatic environment
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Plastron
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Physical gill integrated into the integument; channelized cuticle with hydrophobic hairs
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Gills
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Closed system, thin membrane allowing diffusion of oxygen
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Waste elimination depends on:
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active ion transport and osmosis
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Most important organs for waste elimination:
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Malpighian tubules and rectum
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Main molecule of nitrogenous excretion? For aquatic insects?
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uric acid; ammonia
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Filter chamber
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Modification of the digestive system that functions to shunt excess water around the midgut.
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Functions of fat body.(4)
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1. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
2. Storage of glycogen, fat, and protein 3. Synthesis of blood proteins 4. Regulation of blood sugars |
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What is the phylogenetic status of aquatic insects?
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Polyphyletic
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Importance of aquatic insects. (7)
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1. Decomposers
2. Filter feeders 3. Prey 4. Aquatic environmental quality indicators 5. Medical disease vectors 6. Food 7. Sport fishing |
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How does the speed of development in aquatic insects compare to that of terrestrial insects.
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Slower in aquatics.
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What is the difference between moth wings and caddisfly wings?
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Trochoptera have hair, often transparent, membranous wings.
Lepidoptera have scaly, opaque wings w/o veins. |
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What are the main situations for which adults have adapted? (2)
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1. Dispersal
2. Mating |
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Reproduction is controlled by? (3)
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1. Innate behavior
2. Hormones 3. Environment |
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Ovipositors
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Egg-depositing tools
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Oothecae
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Egg packets
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Micropyles
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Avenues for sperm entry
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Trophocyles
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Food cells for recently hatched insects.
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Arrhentoky
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Reproduction w/o fertilization producing haploid male offspring
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Thelytoky
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Reproduction without fertilization producing female offspring (haploid?)
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Colony fission
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Colony splits in two during swarming (mating)
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Courtship
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Close-range stimulation that initiates receptivity
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Distinguishing feature of Orthoptera
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Elongated cerci
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6 major points about the nervous system.
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1. Ventral
2. Segmented 3. Typical neurotransmitting substance acetyl choline 4. Functions: detect environment,ennervate muscles for response, secrete hormones, store behavior programming 5. Although essential for complete functioning, many aspects of behavior can proceed without the brain itself 6. Peripheral system basic detection organ--sensillum |
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Scolopidia
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Sophisticated seismic detectors
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Johnston's organ
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Specialized chordotonal organ in the antennal pedicel
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Sound-making instruments of the cricket (3)
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Scraper, file, tympanum
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Basic unit of the compound eye
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Ommatidium
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5 functions of hormones
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1. Sex
2. Aggregation 3. Spacing 4. Trail-marking 5. Alarm |
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4 basic types of behavior
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1. Innate
2. Threshold 3. Releaser 4. Inhibitory |
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Kinesis
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Oriented behavior--undirected movements in which the speed of the movements or the frequency of turning depends on the intensity of stimulation
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Taxes
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Oriented behavior--movements directed toward or away from a source of stimulation
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Types of communication signals (4)
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1. Visual
2. Auditory 3. Chemical 4. Complex associative |
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Main way to identify Hemipteroids (different from Hemiptera):
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Piercing, sucking mouthparts
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Two distinct traits of Phthiraptera
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1. Wingless
2. Parasitic |
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Main hormones that control molting in holometabolous insects (3)
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1. PTTH
2. JH 3. Ecdysone |
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Ecdysis
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Molting
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Callows
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Post-eclosion insects in teneral phase
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Polymorphism
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Marked differences in behavior or appearance within same species based on genetics
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Polyphenism
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Marked difference in behavior or appearance due to environmental factors.
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Why age-grad insects? (3)
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1. Agriculture/phytophage
2. Medical/disease vector 3. Indicator species |
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Important Coleoptera traits (2)
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1. Chewing mouthparts
2. Elytra |
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Importance of elytra (4)
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1. Physical protection
2. Water conservation 3. Display 4. Flight |
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Diapause
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Genetically programmed state of arrested development--control usually via hormones + environment
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Dispersal
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Any physical relocation under some control of the insect
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Migration
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Special type of dispersal involving long-distance movement and cyclic return, often of a subsequent generation
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5 features of diapause
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1. Arrested growth and development
2. Temporary 3. Endocrine controlled 4. Indirectly influenced by environment 5. Genetically programmed |
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Quiescence
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Direct response to environmental conditions
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Hibernation
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Prolonged winter quiescence
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Aestivation
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Prolonged summer quiescence
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In what 2 stages is diapause most common?
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1. Egg
2. Pupa |
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Kentromorphism
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Polymorphism with generational change from a sedentary to a migratory phase.
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Phoresy
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Dispersal by hitch-hiking
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Predator
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An organism that eats more than one other organism.
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Parasite
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An organism that lives at the expense of another, which it does not usually kill.
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Parasitoid
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A parasite that kills its host.
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Cleptoparasite
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A thief parasite, one that consumes the food stored by another insect in a nest.
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Hyperparasite
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Parasite of a perasite
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Inquiline
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An organism that lives in the home of another, sharing its food.
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3 major types of prey searching behavior.
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1. Sit and wait
2. Trapping 3. Active searching |
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Oligoxenous
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Narrow host range
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Monoxenous
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Single host species
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Superparasitism
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More than one parasite of a single species on a single host.
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Multiparasitism
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More than one parasite of more than one species on a single host.
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Problems with biological control (3)
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1. Ecological mismatch
2. Differential response 3. System initiation |
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Types of passive resistance (4)
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1. Chemical
2. Morphological 3. Behavioral 4. Scare tactic |
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2 defining features of fleas
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1. Wingless
2. Parasites |
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Which order is best adapted for flight?
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Diptera
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Morphological defenses (3)
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1. Slippery/Tough exoskeleton
2. Odd shape 3. Special structure |
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Difference between class 1 and class 2 toxins
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1. Causes harm
2. Discourages feeding |
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Aposematism
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Warning coloration
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Passive defense strategies (5)
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1. Hiding
2. Timing of development 3. Migration 4. Diapause 5. Autonomy |
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Assumptions made when using sterile male technique (4)
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1. All males successfully sterilized
2. Mating ability of males not compromised 3. Wild females mate only once 4. Wild females cannot detect and avoid sterilized males. |
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Phylogenetic class of wasps?
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Paraphyletic
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3 Ecosystem functions of hymenoptera:
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1. Resource cycling
2. Pollination 3. Population control |
