Entomology Exam 4 03.20

Front 1

Although the general pattern of the fossil record (with lots of noise and gaps) is from primitive to modern forms over time, what is needed to be sure of the details?

Back 1

a phylogeny

Front 2

Most accepted phylogenetic methods
produce the _______.

Back 2

branched pattern

Front 3

Does the fact that a specimen is a fossil affect the placement of the tree?

Back 3

no

Front 4

The best evidence for many aspects of evolutionary history is __________

Back 4

phylogeny

Front 5

_____ specimens usually provide higher quality
data compared to _____.

Back 5

Living compared to fossils

Front 6

living specimens usually provide higher quality
data compared to fossils.
E.g. from the phylogeny of living
species we can infer this chronological order without any
reference to fossils.

what is the chronological order (5)

Back 6

more than 6 walking legs ‐> 6 legs
Several internal modifica5ons, including
loss of distal muscles in the antenna

wings!!!!!

the ability to rotate the wings over the
abdomen [although your book suggests
recent doubts]

complete metamorphosis

Front 7

fossils can be useful. It may
just happen to be the right organism
to answer a par5cular ques5on.
Fossils
also provide informa5on about (3 things)

Back 7

-lineage age

ecological conditions,

past geographic distributions.

south Florida

Front 8

Antarctica 190 MYA.

what did fossils indicate?

Back 8

temperate climate

Front 9

sister lineages are of ____ age.

so a fossil provide _______ since divergence

Back 9

equal
a minimum time since divergence

Front 10

Fossil thus provide an _______, and also help to calibrate
“_______” approaches that use
a model of mutation rate to estimate
age of lineage divergence.

Back 10

evolutionary
timeline

molecular clock

Front 11

what does the molecular clock do?

Back 11

approaches that use a model of mutation rate to estimate age of lineage divergence

Front 12

There have been cases where DNA technology has been _____

Back 12

tremendously oversold

Front 13

amplification and sequencing of DNA from a 120-135 million year of ___.

The early 90's saw a series of amazing reports of _______.

Back 13

weevil

fossil DNA analysis

Front 14

An example of a famous mistake
• A 1994 paper in Science (Vol. 266 p.
1229) reported the recovery of
________________ from from 80
million year old _____________
bone. The authors’ conclusion was
that this was dino DNA, in part
because it didn’t match any other
published genotype.

Back 14

cytochrome b sequences

(Cretaceous) dinosaur

Front 15

Dinosaurs are almost certainly
close rela5ves of ___, yet
phylogene5c analysis grouped
the sequence with humans.
However the sequence was not
very close to human.

Back 15

birds

Front 16

The eventual conclusion was
that it was a ________________.

Back 16

human
mitochondrial pseudogene.

Front 17

Aquatic scorpion (it had gills) from a ____
formation._______ probably started in the water.

Back 17

Silurian
Arachnids

Front 18

Evidence of terrestrial
arthropods.
• ______ fossils of terrestrial arachnids and
centipedes. Note that the oldest fossils
were all ______. What were they doing?
• HOWEVER, there is direct and indirect
evidence that arthropods crawled on land
_____

Back 18

Silurian

predators

much earlier

Front 19

Late Cambrian fossil
tracks from what was
a ____________ environment.

Reconstruction of an
________ arthropod
species found in same
deposit as similar tracks.

Back 19

terrestrial

Ordovician

Front 20

Earliest known hexapods
• Credit is commonly given to the
____ ____ ____
• HOWEVER, more fragmentary
fossils point ______________.

Back 20

Devonian springtail Rhyniella.

to a much earlier
insect origin.

Front 21

Jaws from the same
formation look like those
of _____.
(Nature vol. 427, p. 627)

Back 21

Neoptera.

Front 22

By the __________ there was a
great variety of insect fossil species,
including many orders now extinct.

Insects like this ____ were
more than 50% of known ______
species.

Back 22

Carboniferous Period

paleodyctiopteran Paleozoic

Front 23

fig 8.2
These had ____ and were apparently
plant ____.

Reconstruc5on of specimen, body length
(__________) ~ 21 cm.

Back 23

beaks suckers

including cerci

Front 24

______ strata also contain many
“______”.

Many such fossils show an
_____, something absent
from modern cockroaches.

Back 24

Carboniferous

Roachoids

ovipositor

Front 25

And don’t forget those giant “______.”

Back 25

dragonflies

Front 26

Many Paleozoic taxa did not carry
over to the Mesozoic, including
many that apparently did not
survive _______________. Their disappearance
from the fossil record was followed
by the appearance of many modern
orders.

Back 26

the great Permian
extinction

Front 27

The text text attributes
diversification of
many modern orders to
the rise of ______. That’s plausible.

Back 27

flowering plants

Front 28

At least at first, current taxa included
species rather dis5nct from what we
now see, e.g. ___________

The authors claim,
apparently rather
______, that
these are the ____
group to modern
fleas.

Back 28

Giant fleas from the Early Cretaceous period of Huangbanjigou.

tentatively

sister

Front 29

These ancient fleas were giant (some > 20 mm in length) with ________________. Therefore they probably fed on the blood of ________________. They were not laterally compressed and they
did not have ______

Back 29

very long
piercing mouth parts

very
large animals (dinosaurs???)

jumping legs

Front 30

By the _____ Period many modern
taxonomic families were present.
Specimens in fossilized ____ show
exquisite detail.

By about one million years ago the _________
was
essentially identical to what we see
today. We know less about the tropics.

Back 30

tertiary period
amber

non‐tropical insect fauna

Front 31

There are many
examples in which the
_______________
between the insect
faunas of different
continents corresponds
to how long they have
been separated.

Back 31

phylogenetic distance

Front 32

Isolated islands show a particularly
clear connection between __________________.

Back 32

geography
and evolution.

Front 33

the monophyly of the hundreds of
Hawaiian Drosophila spp. indicates
that they are all descended from a _____. Although we expect
_____________,
which are wide open to the rare colonizer,
at first glance the Hawaiian islands seem to
have produced too much diversity.
Un5l one considers their real age.

Back 33

single fertilized female

evolutionary radiation on isolated islands

Front 34

“______” an insect phylogeny onto the
earth’s surface.(see NY Times Jan 25, 2011)

Back 34

mapping

Front 35

Nabokov's hypothesis


‐Proposed in ____
‐__ waves of blue butterfly immigration across the ____
Strait/land bridge.
‐The earliest at a time when Beringia was relatively warm,
allowing a tropical lineage through

Back 35

1945

5

Bering

Front 36

A phylogeny based on
DNA sequences can
provide an estimate of
________________


Good DNA requires
________, and it
took the scientists years
to assemble specimens
from Canada to
Argentina.

Back 36

when lineages diverged,
a “molecular clock.”

fresh specimens

Front 37

Although it’s not as popular as it
used to be to infer evolution from
______________, there are
still clues to past events lurking in
the genome.

give 2 examples

Back 37

embryonic development

1. tooth induction in chick epithelium

2. drosophilia antennapedia mutant